| 1. http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20140929-the-insect-that-loves-having-sex
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1. http://www.bbc.com/hausa/mujalla-39788188
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| 2. The insect that loves having sex
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2. N/A
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| 3. Obscure world records: which is the most promiscuous female insect of all?
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3. Ka san baiwar tamatar kudan zuma?
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| 4. When it comes to sex,
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4. Idan ana maganar saduwa
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| 5. we tend to see the male of the species as the most promiscuous.
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5. ce ta namiji da mace tsakanin kowace halitta muna daukar namiji da cewa shi ne ya fi yawan sha'awa.
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| 6. Yet, as the story of the record-breaking [en.wikt] honeybee shows us,
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6. Amma kuma kamar yadda labarin bajintar kudan zuma ya nuna mana,
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| 7. females can be just as likely to play the sex game.
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7. ga alama mata ne za su ciri tuta a wannan fage.
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| 8. We know that male animals seek to mate with multiple females to increase their chances of reproductive success.
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8. Mun san cewa mazajen dabbobi suna son saduwa da mata da yawa domin samun haihuwa da yawa.
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| 9. And we think that females are naturally pickier
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9. Kuma muna daukar cewa mata sun fi tsantseni
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| 10. because they invest more energy in
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10. saboda sun fi mayar da hankali wajen
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| 11. producing offspring
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11. haihuwar 'ya'ya
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| 12. and do not increase their chances of reproducing
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12. kuma ba sa kara damarsu
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| 13. by having more than one partner.
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13. ta hayayyafa domin yawanci suna zama ne da namiji daya.
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| 14. These are among the most deeply entrenched concepts of evolutionary biology.
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14. Wadannan na daga cikin muhimman batutuwan da nazarin samuwar halitta ya mayar da hankali a kai.
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| 15. They're also way off the mark.
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15. Kuma su ma sun kauce hanya ko kuma a ce ba su fahimci lamarin ba.
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| 16. The myth of the ardent,
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16. Labarin nazariyyar halin halittu
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| 17. promiscuous male and the coy,
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17. da ke nuna cewa namiji hariji ne
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| 18. choosy female
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18. mace kuwa tana da son zabi ko tsantseni
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| 19. is based on what some have called the Darwin-Bateman paradigm.
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19. ya dogara ne kan abin wasu suka kira nazariyyar Darwin da Bateman.
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| 20. In The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Charles Darwin,
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20. A wani littafi da ya rubuta (The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex), Charles Darwin
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| 21. one of the founding fathers of the theory of evolution,
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21. daya daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiro nazariyyar asalin halitta,
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| 22. described how males had
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22. ya bayyana yadda maza suke da
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| 23. “strong passions” and “eagerly pursue” females.
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23. “sha'awa sosai” kuma suke bin mata sosai.
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| 24. “The female, on the other hand, with the rarest exceptions,” he wrote,
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24. Su kuma matan in banda kadan daga cikinsu ya ce,
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| 25. “is coy, and may often be seen endeavouring… to escape the male”.
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25. su na da yanga da jan hankali kuma yawanci sai a dauka suna son gudun namiji ne.
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| 26. In 1948 English geneticist Angus John Bateman published
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26. A 1948 masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta na Ingila Angus John Bateman ya wallafa
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| 27. a now famous experiment
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27. abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da gwajin
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| 28. in which equal numbers of male and female fruit flies were placed in bottles.
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28. da aka samu yawan mata da maza daidai na wasu kwari (fruit flies) wadanda aka sa su a kwalabe.
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| 29. He chose flies with mutations such as curly wings,
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29. Masanin ya zabi kwari ko kudajen da suke da wasu kamanni kamar fuka-fukai da suka dan nade
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| 30. small eyes
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30. da kananan idanuwa
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| 31. and thick bristles,
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31. da kuma gashi mai kauri
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| 32. to give him a way to determine the parentage of the resulting offspring.
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32. domin ba shi damar zaben irin 'ya'yan da za su haifa.
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| 33. Bateman concluded
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33. Daga nan sai Bateman ya ayyana cewa
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| 34. there was greater variability in both reproductive and mating success among males than females, and that
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34. akwai bambanci mai yawa tsakanin maza da mata a fannin haihuwa da saduwa.
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| 35. while mating with multiple partners increased the chances of a male passing on his genes, this was not the case for females.
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35. Yayin da saduwa da yawan mata ke kara damar yuwuwar yada kwayoyin halitta ko kamannin namijin ba haka lamarin yake ba a bangaren mata.
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| 36. These ideas have strongly influenced evolutionary biologists for decades.
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36. Wannan nazarin ya yi tasiri sosai a kan masana kimiyyar samuwar halittu har tsawon shekaru gommai.
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| 37. Of course some pointed to examples of species
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37. Ba shakka wasu daga cikinsu sun nuna misalan yadda wasu jinsun halittun
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| 38. in which observations showed the Darwin-Bateman sex roles were reversed,
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38. inda nazari ya nuna an samu akasin abin da Darwin da Bateman suna nuna na rawar da maza da mata ke takawa a bangaren jima'i.
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| 39. but perhaps surprisingly it was not until two papers published in 2007 and 2012 that researchers showed Bateman’s conclusions were based on flawed experimental and statistical methods.
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39. Amma kuma ba a kai ga gane cewa nazariyyar Bateman ta dogara ne ga gwaji da kuma alkaluman da ke da matsala ko aka yi kura-kurai ba, har sai bayan da aka wallafa wasu kasidu biyu a shekara ta 2007 da 2012.
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| 40. Patricia Adair Gowaty, of the University of California, Los Angeles,
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40. Patricia Adair Gowaty ta jami'ar California a Los Angeles
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| 41. repeated his original experiment.
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41. ta maimaita ainahin irin nazarin da ya yi.
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| 42. She pointed out his methods could only identify parentage
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42. Ta nuna cewa tsarinsa kawai zai iya nuna iyaye ne
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| 43. if offspring had the mutations of both its father and mother,
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43. idan 'ya'ya suna da kamanni na uwa da uba,
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| 44. and his data would only be accurate
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44. kuma bayanansa ko alkaluma za su kasance daidai ne kawai
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| 45. if such offspring were just as viable as those with one or no mutations – which they weren’t.
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45. idan wadannan 'ya'ya suka kasance suna da inganci kamar wadanda suke da kamanni daya ko kuma babu wannan klamanni, wanda kuma ba haka suke ba.
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| 46. All of which meant Bateman’s results and the conclusions based on them were wrong.
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46. Kuma dukkanin wannan na nuna cewa alkaluma da sakamakon nazarin Bateman ba daidai suke ba.
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| 47. Which brings us neatly to honey bees.
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47. Wannan cikin sauki shi ya kawo mu kan kudan zuma.
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| 48. Early in life, queens make mating flights during which they mate with multiple drones that die once they have deposited their sperm.
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48. A farkon rayuwarsu, sarauniyar kudan zuma tana saduwa da mazaje daban-daban wadanda suke mutuwa da zarar sun zuba maniyyinsu.
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| 49. They store and use the sperm throughout her life.
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49. Sarauniyar tana adana wannan maniyyi ta yi ta amfani da shi har tsawon rayuwarta.
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| 50. Worker bees in the hives of queens that have had more partners have been shown to produce more honey comb.
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50. Su kuma matan kudan zuman masu aiki (worker bee) wadanda suke saduwa da namiji fiye da daya sun fi samar da zuma.
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| 51. This promiscuity is believed to help improve resistance to disease by boosting genetic diversity.
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51. Ana ganin wannan harijanci (saduwa da maza da yawa) yana taimaka musu wajen samun kariya daga cututtuka ta hanyar bunkasa kwayoyin halittarsu.
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| 52. So it is unsurprising that when Hector Cabrera-Mireles,
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52. Saboda haka ba abin mamaki ba ne a lokacin da Hector Cabrera-Mireles,
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| 53. then at the University of Florida,
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53. wanda a lokacin yake jami'ar Florida
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| 54. reviewed previous studies
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54. ya sake bibbiyar nazarce-nazarcen da aka yi a baya
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| 55. to identify the most polyandrous insect - the species in which the female copulates with the most males - he focused on honey bees.
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55. domin gano tamatar kwaron da ta fi saduwa da maza ya mayar da hankali kan kudan zuma.
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| 56. The European honey bee
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56. Tamatar kudan zuma na Turai
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| 57. was found to mate up to 20 times and the Asiatic honey bee up to 30 times.
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57. an gano tana saduwa da namiji sau 20 yayin da ta yankin Asia ta ke yin jima'i sau 30.
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| 58. However Cabrera-Mireles determined that the Apis dorsata,
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58. Sai dai Dakta Cabrera-Mireles ya ayyana cewa tamatar
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| 59. the giant honey bee of South and Southeast Asia,
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59. katon kudan zuma na Kudu da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya
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| 60. was the most polyandrous of all, with one DNA fingerprinting studying determining that females had up to 53 mates.
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60. ita tafi saduwa da maza da yawa, inda a bincikensa ya gano cewa mata suna saduwa da maza har 53.
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| 61. The female cobalt milkweed beetle has been recorded mating up to 60 times,
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61. Sai dai kuma a wani nazarin mai binciken ya gano cewa tamatar wani nau'in buzuzu da ake kira 'cobalt milkweed' da Ingilishi tana jima'i har sau 60,
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| 62. but was disqualified by Cabrera-Mireles because this figure included multiple matings with the same male.
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62. sai dai masanin bai zabe ta ba a matsayin wadda ta fi yawan jima'i ba domin takan sadu da namiji daya fiye da sau daya.
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