bbchausa verticals/055 six ways animals use fake eyes

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#: Six ways animals use fake eyes [1] <> Hanyoyi shida da dabbobi ke amfani da ido na bogi [2]

#: A fresh look at the science of eyespots reveals some modern surprises [3] <> N/A [4]

#: Eyes can be beautiful. [5] <> Idanuwa za su iya kasancewa masu kyau. [6]

#: Mysterious. [7] <> Ababan ban mamaki. [8]

#: Alluring. [9] <> Masu jan hankali. [10]

#: They can also be deceptive, [11] <> Za kuma su iya kasancewa masu yaudara, [12]

#: no more so than in the animal kingdom, [13] <> musamman ma a tsakanin dabbobi, [14]

#: where a range of species display fake eyes on their bodies. [15] <> inda wasu da dama ke bayyana ido na bogi a jikinsu. [16]

#: Such eyespots, [17] <> Wurare masu kama da ido, [18]

#: which appear on fish, frogs, butterflies and birds and insects among others, [19] <> wadanda ake gani a jikin kifaye da kwadi da malam-buda-mana-littafi da tsuntsaye da kwari da makamantansu, [20]

#: have fascinated natural historians for centuries, [21] <> sun dade suna daukar hankalin masana tarihi, tsawon daruruwan shekaru, [22]

#: and a fresh look at the science of eyespots reveals some modern surprises. [23] <> kuma wani sabon nazari a kan wannan abu ya bayyana sabbin abubuwan ban mamaki. [24]

#: A caterpillar with a snake’s stare [25] <> Tsutsa mai kama da kan miciji [26]

#: Though it’s clear that eyespots often deter predators, [27] <> Ko da yake an san cewa halittu kan yi amfani da irin wannan alama ta idanu domin hana wasu kwarin masu kai musu hari shammatarsu, [28]

#: it is not so obvious why, [29] <> amma ba a san me ya sa hakan ba, [30]

#: and why different designs have evolved. [31] <> kuma me ya sa ake da irin idanuwan na bogi iri daban-daban. [32]

#: For a start it remains unclear to what degree eyespots actually mimic real eyes, [33] <> Da farko dai har yanzu ba a san yadda dabbobin suke kwaikwayon idanuwan gaskiyar ba, [34]

#: and whether other animals see eyespots in the same way as humans do. [35] <> da kuma ko sauran dabbobi suna daukar wannan alama mai kama da ido kamar yadda mutum yake ganinta. [36]

#: Plenty of species appear to use eyespots [37] <> Halittu da yawa suna amfani da wannan alama ta ido [38]

#: as a warning signal to predators, [39] <> a matsayin wani gargadi ga wasu halittun da ke kai musu hari suna cinye su, [40]

#: helping to deter, prevent or delay their attacks. [41] <> su kare kansu daga gare su, ko su jinkirta harin. [42]

#: That could be due to the unfamiliarity of the shape to predators, [43] <> Wannan zai iya kasancewa saboda masu kai musu harin ba su san siffar wannan alama ba, [44]

#: or because eyespots fool predators into thinking they are staring at the face of an even bigger, more dangerous creature than themselves. [45] <> ko kuma saboda masu kai harin suna ganin kamar wata halitta ce suke kallo wadda ta fi su girma ko ta fi su hadari. [46]

#: But few had checked rigorously - unbiased by our own human perception of these markings as “eyes” – [47] <> Amma wasu masu binciken sun yi nazari sosai ba tare da sanya ra'ayin yadda mu mutane muke daukar wannan alama ta idanu ba. [48]

#: until Dr John Skelhorn at Newcastle University, UK [49] <> Dakta John Skelhorn na jami'ar Newcastle ta Birtaniya [50]

#: examined how birds responded to a series of fake caterpillars with snake’s eyes. [51] <> ya lura da yadda tsuntsaye suke yi a lokacin da tsutsar da ake kira katafila (caterpillar) da Ingilishi ke yaudararsu ta yin irin wannan alama ta idanu, inda take yi kamar idan miciji. [52]

#: Lots of caterpillar species sport eyespots, [53] <> Nau'in irin wannan tsutsa da dama suna yin wannan alama ta idanu, [54]

#: so Dr Skelhorn’s team created plump, realistic caterpillars from edible pastry, [55] <> saboda haka ne Dakta Skelhorn da abokan aikinsa suka yi kamar tsutsar (da kayan abincin), [56]

#: then painted them with eyespots on different parts of their body. [57] <> sannan suka yi mata fenti na irin wannan alama ta idanu a sassa daban-daban na jikinta. [58]

#: They reasoned that birds would reject caterpillars that sported eyespots at their fronts, where an eye would normally be, thinking the insect was actually a snake. [59] <> Suna ganin tsuntsaye za su ji tsoron kai hari kan tsutsar da ke da wannan alama ta ido a kanta saboda za su dauka miciji ne. [60]

#: But they wouldn’t be deterred by caterpillars with eyespots elsewhere. [61] <> Haka abin ya kasance, domin tsutsar da ke da wannan alama ta idanu a wasu sassa na jikinta ba kanta ba, ba ta tsoratar da tsuntsayen ba. [62]

#: Their research supported their hypothesis; [63] <> Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da nazariyyarsu cewa, [64]

#: birds were more reluctant to attack caterpillars that had eyespots in the right place to mimic a snake’s head. [65] <> tsuntsaye na tsoron kai hari kan tsutsar da ke da irin wannan alama a kanta, wadda ke sa ta yi kama da miciji. [66]

#: Butterflies that flutter their eyes [67] <> Malam-buda-mana-littafi wanda ke kwaikwayon idonsa [68]

#: But other studies have shown the opposite; [69] <> Sai dai wadansu binciken da aka yi an gano akasi ko kishiyar hakan, [70]

#: that butterflies use eyespots as conspicuous, [71] <> domin malam-buda-mana-littafi suna yin wannan alama ta ido, [72]

#: disorientating patterns that put off predators, rather than to mimic the eyes of other animals. [73] <> wadda ke fitowa karara, da wani zane na daman da ke karya wa halittun da ke kama shi gwiwa su kama shi maimakon kwaikwayon idon wasu halittun. [74]

#: Eyespots are also surprisingly common on butterfly wings, for example. [75] <> Abin mamaki ana ganin wannan alama ta ido sosai a jikin fukafikin malam-buda-mana-littafi. [76]

#: Yet they vary in size and brightness, and it was unclear why. [77] <> Kuma girmansu daban-daban da kuma haskensu amma kuma ba a san me ya sa hakan ba. [78]

#: To investigate, Dr Martin Stevens at the University of Exeter, UK [79] <> Domin binciken wannan Dakta Martin Stevens a jami'ar Exeter ta Birtaniya, [80]

#: examined how birds actually see butterflies, [81] <> ya yi nazari kan yadda tsuntsaye a zahiri suke ganin malam-buda-mana-littafi [82]

#: which they often like to eat. [83] <> wanda yawanci suke ci. [84]

#: Affixing fake butterflies to tree trunks, [85] <> Domin sauya yadda tsuntsaye suke kallon wannan alama, [86]

#: Stevens’ team presented wild woodland birds with spots of different shapes, sizes, and contrasts, in order to manipulate the level of eye-likeness. [87] <> ayarin Dakta Stevens ya lillika malam-buda-mana-littafi na bogi masu zane da launi na alamar idanuwan iri-iri daban-daban a jikin bishiyoyi, [88]

#: They predicted that if eye mimicry is important, [89] <> Masanan sun yi hasashen cewa idan har kwaikwayon idanu abu ne mai muhimmanci, [90]

#: birds should be more wary of spots with a black centre [91] <> tsuntsaye za su kiyaye da duk wata alama da ke da launin baki a tsakiya [92]

#: and white surround, [93] <> da fari a kewaye [94]

#: compared with the inverse arrangement. [95] <> idan aka kwatanta da yadda za su kalli alamar da ke da launin fari a tsakiya baki kuma a kewaye. [96]

#: They found that the two patterns were equally avoided. [97] <> Masu binciken sun ga tsuntsayen sun kauracewa dukkanin alamar biyu. [98]

#: Retaining the size of the colour pattern on the fake butterflies, [99] <> Daga nan kuma sai masu binciken [100]

#: they changed the shape from circular to rectangular, [101] <> suka sauya siffar alamar idanuwan daga kewayayya zuwa mai kama da gida-gida [102]

#: and again didn't find any difference in birds’ avoidance. [103] <> amma kuma ba su sauya launin ba, nan ma dai babu bambanci kan yadda tsuntsayen suka kaurace. [104]

#: The results suggest that it is conspicuousness, not necessarily eye mimicry, that matters. [105] <> Nazarin ya nuna cewa bayyanar abu karara ne, ba lalle kwaikwayon alamar ido ba ke da muhimmanci. [106]

#: “We don’t have the complete picture yet,” says Stevens. [107] <> 'Amma duk da haka ba mu gano lamarin ba gaba daya har yanzu, in ji Stevens [108]

#: His experiments were with fake, stationary butterflies, [109] <> Binciken nasa an yi shi ne da malam-buda-mana-littafi na bogi, maras motsi [110]

#: and the spots and contrast patterns were continuously visible. [111] <> kuma alamar idon ana ta ganinsu a bayyane. [112]

#: The researcher says that in nature, [113] <> Masanin ya ce, a yanayi na gaske, [114]

#: butterflies and moths often flash open their wings to reveal their eyespots, [115] <> malam-buda-mana-littafi yawanci yana bude fukafikinsa ya nuna wannan alama ta idanu, [116]

#: “and no one has done an experiment yet doing these kind of manipulations with a startle display,” he says. [117] <> 'kuma kawo yanzu ba wanda ya iya yin wani gwaji na hakan, [118]

#: But his work thus far suggests that birds will avoid conspicuous patterns when they are bigger [119] <> Amma nazarinsa ya nuna cewa tsuntsaye za su guji wata alamar da ta bayyana sosai da girma [120]

#: and more contrasting, whereas shape doesn't seem to matter. [121] <> da kuma bambanci da yawa amma kuma siffar alamar ba abar damuwa ba ce a wurin tsuntsayen. [122]

#: “Eyespots have attracted a substantial amount of experimental work [123] <> 'Wannan alama ta ido ta jawo bincike da dama, [124]

#: but there’s still a great deal left to understand about them, [125] <> amma har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da ba a fahmta a kai ba, [126]

#: and why they’re so diverse,” says Stevens. [127] <> da kuma abin da ya sa alamr ke da bambanci da yawa tsakanin dabbobi ko halittu, in ji Stevens. [128]

#: The frog with a toxic look [129] <> Kwado da wannan alama ta yaudara [130]

#: As well as sporting large eyes, [131] <> Bayan yin manyan idanu, [132]

#: some animals can inflate their eyespots, [133] <> wasu dabbobin za su iya kumbura wannan alama ta idanu, [134]

#: in a bid to stare down, and intimidate their enemies. [135] <> domin tsoratarwa da kuma harzuka abokan gabarsu. [136]

#: One frog that inhabits the savannah of Brazil, [137] <> Wani kwado da ake samu a kasar Brazil [138]

#: called either Physalaemus nattereri or Eupemphix nattereri, [139] <> wanda ake kira da Ingilishi Physaalaemus nattereri ko Eupemphix nattereri [140]

#: has eye-like markings just above its hind legs. [141] <> yana da wani zane mai kama da alamar idanuwa a saman kafafuwansa na baya. [142]

#: And they appear to come in useful when the frog is attacked by birds, [143] <> Wannan alama tana da amfani a lokacin da tsuntsaye ke neman kai wa kwadon hari [144]

#: or the fearsome giant water bug, an insect voracious enough it can eat adult amphibians. [145] <> ko kuma wani kwaron ruwa da ke iya cin kwadon. [146]

#: When approached the frogs puff up their body and raise their hind quarters to flaunt their large, false ‘black eyes.’ [147] <> A duk lokacin da wadannan dabbobi suka tun kari kwadon sai ya daga kafafuwansa na baya ya bayyana wannan ido na bogi. [148]

#: But these false eyes are only part of the frog’s defence strategy. [149] <> Wannan ido na bogi wani bangare ne dabarar fada na kwadon. [150]

#: At the centre of each false eye is a black disc, which contains a gland that produces a toxin. [151] <> A tsakiyar wannan alama ta ido akwai wani bakin faifai wanda yake dauke da guba. [152]

#: The chemical is so potent that a single gland can produce enough to kill 150 mice, [153] <> Gubar na da karfi sosai ta yadda wadda kofa daya da za ta fitar da ita, za ta iya kashe beraye 150, [154]

#: and owls have been known to regurgitate whole frogs, such is the toxin’s power. [155] <> kuma an san yadda mujiya take amayo kwado gaba dayansa, saboda wannan guba. [156]

#: So if the glare of the frog’s false eyes doesn’t put off a predator, their nasty taste might. [157] <> Saboda haka idan wadannan idanuwa na bogi ba su kori dabbar da za ta kawo wa kwadon hari ba, gubar da ke cikinsa za ta iya. [158]

#: Fish that misdirect their enemies [159] <> Kifin da ke yi wa abokan gabarsa shashatau [160]

#: New discoveries [161] <> Sabbin abubuwan da aka gano [162]

#: about why animals use eyespots aren’t just limited to those we can easily see. [163] <> a kan abin da ya sa dabbobi suke amfani da wannan alama ta ido ba sun tsaya ba ne a kan wadanda za mu iya gani a saukake. [164]

#: And they also suggest that eyespots might not always deter attacks, [165] <> Kuma suna nuna cewa idanuwan na bogi ba kawai suna kare hari ba ne, [166]

#: but intentionally misdirect them. [167] <> suna ma iya yi wa abokin gaba shashatau ( su kauce su bi wani wurin). [168]

#: Fish have a profusion of eyespots, [169] <> Kifi yana amfani da wannan alama ta idon bogi da yawa, [170]

#: often at the opposite end from their real eyes. [171] <> yawanci a can karshen bayan idanuwansa na gaske. [172]

#: Until recently, [173] <> Kafin yanzu [174]

#: few studies had investigated why eyespots might be beneficial underwater. [175] <> bincike kadan ne aka yi kan sanin amfanin wannan alama ta ido a cikin ruwa. [176]

#: One idea is that [177] <> Wani abu da aka gano shi ne [178]

#: they divert predator attacks – [179] <> kifayen suna amfani da wannan alamun ido wajen karkatar da hankalin wata dabba da za ta kawo musu hari, [180]

#: either completely, [181] <> ko dai gaba daya [182]

#: or by misdirecting the predator [183] <> ko kuma karkatar da dabbar [184]

#: to a less vulnerable part of the prey’s body. [185] <> zuwa wani sashe na jikin kifin maras rauni. [186]

#: Although proposed over a century ago, [187] <> Duk da cewa an kai kusan shekara dari da aka gano wannan bayani [188]

#: solid support for the idea is still scarce, and direct tests are scarcer still. [189] <> to amma har yanzu babu wata sheda mai karfi a kan hakan. [190]

#: That momentary bamboozlement [191] <> Wannan dan lokaci da kifin zai yaudari dabbar da ke son kawo masa hari, [192]

#: could give prey a brief but valuable fraction of time to escape the attack [193] <> zai ba shi dama ya kauce wa hari wato ya tsere. [194]

#: In 2013, Dr Sami Merilaita of Åbo Akademi University in Turku, Finland tested the idea using stickleback fish, a visual predator. [195] <> A shekara ta 2013 Dakta Sami Merilaita, na jami'ar Abo Akademi da ke Turku a Finland ya jarraba hakan. [196]

#: They created fake prey, and painted on eyespots on one side of the prey's body, [197] <> Kifayen suna kirkirar wata alama ce ta kifi na bogi mai wannan alama ta ido a wani sashe na jikin kifin na bogi, [198]

#: leaving the other unaffected, [199] <> dayan ya kasance ba abin da ya same shi [200]

#: to see how the sticklebacks would react. [201] <> domin ganin yadda kifin zai mayar da martani. [202]

#: The fish attacked the fake eyes more often, the scientists found. [203] <> Masana sun gano cewa a yawancin lokaci kifin yana kai hari ne kan idon na bogi [204]

#: The researchers suspect that the eyespots pattern manipulates the predatory fish into attacking what it thinks is the prey’s head. [205] <> Masanan suna ganin alamar idon tana sa wanda ya kawo harin ya kai hari wannan wuri da alamar idon na bogi take bisa tunanin cewa ainahin kan kifin yake kai harin. [206]

#: If eyespots are confused with the head region, [207] <> Idan alamun idon suka sa mai kai harin ya dauka kan kifin da yake son kaiwa harin ne, [208]

#: the predator might expect the prey to escape in one direction, [209] <> mai kai harin zai sa ran wanda ya kaiwa harin ya gudu ta hanya daya, [210]

#: when in fact it quickly slips off via the other. [211] <> wanda kuma a zahiri yana guduwa ne ta daya hanyar . [212]

#: That momentary bamboozlement [213] <> Wannan yaudara ta dan lokaci [214]

#: could give prey “a brief but valuable fraction of time to escape the attack,” says Merilaita. [215] <> za ta iya ba wa kifin da aka kai wa harin dama ta dan lokaci ya gudu, in ji Merilaita. [216]

#: The peacock spider’s irresistible display [217] <> Kyakyawar siffar gizo-gizo mai kamannin dawisu [218]

#: Eyespots aren’t always designed to avoid being eaten. [219] <> Wannan alama ta idanuwan bogi ba kawai tana amfani ba ne wajen kare hari, [220]

#: Sometimes they are used for sex. [221] <> halittu suna amfani da ita wajen jan hankali domin saduwa (jima'i). [222]

#: Spiders have eyes; and a lot of them. [223] <> Nau'ukan gizo-gizo suna da idanuwa da yawa. [224]

#: But one spider also has a series of fake eyes that adorn its abdomen. [225] <> Amma wani guda daya yana da wannan ido na bogi da yawa a sashen baya na jikinsa. [226]

#: Much like the peacock bird that it’s named after, [227] <> Kamar dai dawisu da aka kwatanta wannan gizo-gizo da shi saboda kamannin launinsa, [228]

#: the male Australian peacock spider has bright eyespots [229] <> shi wannan gizo-gizo da ake samu a Australiya yana da wadannan alamu na ido kuma masu launi mai kyau, [230]

#: that it uses to attract a mate. [231] <> inda yake amfani da su wajen jan hankalin mata. [232]

#: But it does more than simply flash its eyespots in a bid to impress. [233] <> Wannan nau'i na gizo-gizo ba kawai yana bayyana wannan alama mai kama da idanuwa ba ce wajen jan hankalin mata kadai, [234]

#: Male peacock spiders create a mesmerising display that’s part hip-hop, part disco, replete with irresistible eyes, rhythmic leg movements and colourful costumes. Entomologist Jurgen Otto has captured this behaviour up close in a series of exquisite short films. [235] <> yana da wata rawa da yake yi mai ban sha'awa da birgewa duka domin jan hankalin mace. [236]

#: Dr Madeline Girard at the University of California, Berkeley, US and colleagues there and at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, investigated this elaborate courtship by observing wild-caught spiders displaying in the lab. [237] <> Dakta Madeline Girard ta jami'ar Berkeley a Amurka da abokan aikinta a jami'ar New South Wales a Sydney da ke Australiya sun yi nazari kan wannan kwarkwasa a dakin binciken kimiyya. [238]

#: Male peacock spiders spend up to 50 minutes courting females, unveiling a host of - a rehearsal for real sex. [239] <> Wannan nau'i na gizo-gizo ya kan dauki kusan minti 50 yana kwarkwasar jan hankalin mace, da salo iri-iri kafin su ki ga saduwa. [240]

#: “What amazes people is that they don't expect this kind of sophisticated communication in such small creatures,” says Hill. [241] <> 'Abin da ke ban mamaki shi ne mutane ba sa tsammanin ganin irin wannan rawa da kwarkwasa a tsakanin wannan 'yar karamar halitta, in ji Dakta David E. Hill [242]

#: editor of Peckhamia, a journal about jumping spiders. [243] <> editan mujallar Peckhamia, ta bayanan irin wannan nau'i na gizo-gizo. [244]

#: We can’t mention the peacock spider without referencing the peacock itself, perhaps the most well-known animal to use eyespots. And like the peacock spider, the peacock also uses its fake eyes for sex. [245] <> Ba za mu iya maganar wannan gizo-gizo da ake kamantawa da dawisu ba, ba tare da ambatar shi kansa dawisun ba, dabbar da ake ganin ita ce ta fi amfani da wannan alama ta ido na bogi . [246]

#: “Peacocks are the poster boy of sexual selection,” [247] <> Haka shi ma dawisun kamar wannan gizo-gizo yana amfani da wannan halitta wajen jawo hankalin mace domin saduwa. [248]

#: Peacocks have more than 150 feathers, each sporting an iridescent eye-like pattern towards the tip. [249] <> Dawisu yana da sama da gashi 150 wanda kowanne kuma yana da irin wannan alama ta ido mai daukar hankali da ban sha'awa. [250]

#: The researchers observed 34 displaying males. [251] <> Masana sun yi nazari kan mazaje 34 da ke neman mace, [252]

#: Determining each male’s mating success, they probed what aspects of eyes turned females on. [253] <> inda suka duba damar da kowanne yake da ita ta nasarar shawo kan matar ta amince da shi, inda suka duba abin da ke daukar hankali mace a wannan alama da ke gashin nasa har ta yarda da shi. [254]

#: Peahens, they discovered, were partial to a particular portion of each eyespot - the blue-green patches that form the second ring out from the central purple black region. When males had up to 170 of their eyespots covered up by black or white stickers, their success with the peahens declined to almost zero. [255] <> Binciken ya nuna idan wannan alamar ido ta jikin gashin na dawisu (namiji) har kusan 170 ta kasance tana da rodi-rodin launin baki ko fari, farin jinin namiji a wurin mace ba shi da yawa sosai. [256]

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