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bbchausa verticals/035 living plants
From HausaDictionary.com | Hausa English Translations
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#:
Plants
can
see
,
hear
and
smell
–
and
respond
[1]
<>
Ko
kun
san
tsirrai
na
ji
da
gani
da
shakar
wari
ko
kamshi
?
[2]
#:
Plants
perceive
the
world
without
eyes
,
ears
or
brains
.
[3]
<>
N
/
A
[4]
#:
Understanding
how
can
teach
us
a
lot
about
them
,
and
potentially
a
lot
about
us
as
well
[5]
<>
N
/
A
[6]
#:
Plants
,
according
to
Jack
C
Schultz
, "
are
just
very
slow
animals
".
[7]
<>
N
/
A
[8]
#:
This
is
not
a
misunderstanding
of
basic
biology
.
[9]
<>
Wannan
ba
gurguwar
fahimta
ba
ce
game
da
kimiyyar
halittu
.
[10]
#:
Schultz
is
a
professor
in
the
Division
of
Plant
Sciences
at
the
University
of
Missouri
in
Columbia
,
[11]
<>
Schultz
farfesa
ne
a
bangaren
kimiyyyar
nazarin
tsirrai
a
Jami
'
ar
Missouri
da
ke
Kolombiya
,
[12]
#:
and
has
spent
four
decades
investigating
the
interactions
between
plants
and
insects
.
[13]
<>
kuma
ya
shafe
shekara
40
yana
gudanar
da
bincike
kan
mu
'
amalar
tsirrai
da
kwari
.
[14]
#:
He
knows
his
stuff
.
[15]
<>
Kwararre
ne
a
fanninsa
.
[16]
#:
Instead
,
[17]
<>
Sabanin
haka
ma
,
[18]
#:
he
is
making
a
point
about
common
perceptions
of
our
leafy
cousins
,
[19]
<>
ya
bijiro
da
muhimmin
al
'
amari
wajen
fahimtar
danginmu
masu
ganye
,
[20]
#:
which
he
feels
are
too
often
dismissed
[21]
<>
wadanda
yake
ganin
an
yi
watsi
da
su
[22]
#:
as
part
of
the
furniture
.
[23]
<>
tamkar
wani
yanki
na
kayan
alatun
gida
.
[24]
#:
Plants
fight
for
territory
,
seek
out
food
,
[25]
<>
Tsirrai
na
fafatawa
saboda
wurin
zama
da
neman
abinci
,
[26]
#:
evade
predators
and
trap
prey
.
[27]
<>
su
farmaki
masu
kai
musu
hari
da
kuma
yi
wa
abincinsu
tarko
.
[28]
#:
They
are
as
alive
as
any
animal
,
[29]
<>
Suna
da
rai
kamar
kowace
dabba
,
[30]
#:
and
–
like
animals
–
they
exhibit
behaviour
.
[31]
<>
kuma
tamkar
dabbobi
suna
nuna
dabi
'
arsu
.
[32]
#:
"
To
see
this
,
you
just
need
to
make
a
fast
movie
of
a
growing
plant
–
[33]
<> "
Don
ganin
hakan
,
kana
bukatar
yin
majigin
tsirrai
da
ke
girma
,
[34]
#:
then
it
will
behave
like
an
animal
,"
[35]
<>
ta
yadda
za
su
nuna
dabi
'
u
irin
na
dabbobi
,"
[36]
#:
enthuses
Olivier
Hamant
,
a
plant
scientist
at
the
University
of
Lyon
,
France
.
[37]
<>
kamar
yadda
a
cikin
zumudi
Olivier
Hamant
,
wani
masanin
kimiyyar
nazarin
tsirrai
daga
Jami
'
ar
Lyon
,
a
Faransa
ya
furta
.
[38]
#:
Indeed
,
a
time
-
lapse
camera
[39]
<>
A
gaskiya
,
kyamara
mai
daukar
hoton
wucin
gadi
[40]
#:
reveals
the
alien
world
of
plant
behaviour
in
all
its
glory
,
[41]
<>
za
ta
bayyanar
da
abin
da
ya
boyu
a
duniyar
tsirrai
da
dabi
'
u
masu
kayatarwa
,
[42]
#:
as
anyone
who
has
seen
the
famous
woodland
sequence
[43]
<>
ta
yadda
duk
wanda
ya
taba
ganin
jerin
majigin
nan
na
jerin
"
woodland
"
[44]
#:
from
David
Attenborough
'
s
Life
series
can
attest
.
[45]
<>
wanda
David
Atenborough
ya
gabarar
da
shirin
tartibin
rayuwa
(
Life
series
)
zai
fahimta
.
[46]
#:
These
plants
are
moving
with
purpose
,
[47]
<>
Wadannan
tsirrai
na
yin
motsi
ne
da
manufa
,
[48]
#:
which
means
they
must
be
aware
of
what
is
going
on
around
them
.
[49]
<>
ma
'
ana
suna
sane
da
abin
da
ke
wakana
a
kewaye
da
su
.
[50]
#:
"
To
respond
correctly
,
[51]
<> "
Don
mayar
da
martani
yadda
ya
dace
,
[52]
#:
plants
also
need
sophisticated
sensing
devices
tuned
to
varying
conditions
,"
says
Schultz
.
[53]
<>
tsirran
na
bukatar
managarcin
tsari
da
na
'
urori
da
za
su
yi
juyi
daidai
da
mabambantan
yanayi
,"
inji
Schultz
.
[54]
#:
So
what
is
plant
sense
?
[55]
<>
Ko
me
ake
nufi
da
sansanowar
tsirrai
?
[56]
#:
Well
,
if
you
believe
Daniel
Chamovitz
of
Tel
Aviv
University
in
Israel
,
[57]
<>
Ta
yiwu
idan
ka
yarda
da
batun
Daniel
Chamovitz
na
Jami
'
ar
Tel
Aviv
da
ke
Isra
'
ila
,
[58]
#:
it
is
not
quite
so
different
from
our
own
as
you
might
expect
.
[59]
<>
babu
bambanci
da
yanayinmu
kamar
yadda
kake
sa
rai
.
[60]
#:
When
Chamovitz
set
out
to
write
his
2012
book
What
a
Plant
Knows
–
[61]
<>
Lokacin
da
chamovitz
ya
kuduri
yin
rubutunsa
a
shekara
2012
,
[62]
#:
When
Chamovitz
set
out
to
write
his
2012
book
What
a
Plant
Knows
–
[63]
<>
wato
littafinsa
mai
taken
Me
tsiro
ya
sani
–
[64]
#:
in
which
he
explores
how
plants
experience
the
world
[65]
<>
a
ciki
ya
bibiyi
yadda
tsirrai
ke
samun
fahimtar
duniya
[66]
#:
by
way
of
the
most
rigorous
and
up
-
to
-
date
scientific
research
–
[67]
<>
ta
hanyar
kai
kawo
a
wajen
nazari
har
zuwa
yau
a
tsarin
binciken
kimiyya
[68]
#:
he
did
so
with
some
trepidation
.
[69]
<>
ya
yi
hakan
ne
cikin
damuwa
.
[70]
#:
"
I
was
incredibly
wary
about
what
the
response
would
be
,"
he
says
.
[71]
<> "
Na
yi
matukar
zakuwar
son
jin
irin
martanin
da
za
a
samu
,"
inji
shi
.
[72]
#:
A
Beethoven
symphony
is
of
little
consequence
to
a
plant
,
[73]
<>
Kwarewar
kade
-
kaden
Beethoven
ba
shi
da
wani
tasiri
ga
tsiro
,
[74]
#:
but
the
approach
of
a
hungry
caterpillar
is
another
story
[75]
<>
amma
idan
tsutsa
mai
jin
yunwa
ta
kawo
hari
,
a
nan
za
a
ga
yadda
tsiro
zai
fafata
da
ita
.
[76]
#:
His
worry
was
not
unfounded
.
[77]
<>
Damuwarsa
ba
za
a
ce
ba
ta
da
tushe
ba
.
[78]
#:
The
descriptions
in
his
book
of
plants
seeing
,
[79]
<>
Al
'
amuran
da
ya
siffanta
na
tsirrai
game
da
ganinsu
[80]
#:
smelling
,
feeling
and
,
indeed
,
knowing
have
echoes
of
The
Secret
Life
of
Plants
,
[81]
<>
da
sansanarsu
da
tunaninsu
da
ma
sanin
sauti
a
Sirrin
rayuwar
tsirrai
(
The
Scret
Life
of
Plants
),
[82]
#:
a
popular
book
published
in
1973
[83]
<>
wani
mashahurin
littafi
da
aka
wallafa
a
shekarar
1973
[84]
#:
that
appealed
to
a
generation
raised
on
flower
power
,
[85]
<>
wanda
ya
dauki
hankalin
al
'
ummar
zamanin
game
da
karfin
fure
,
[86]
#:
but
contained
little
in
the
way
of
facts
.
[87]
<>
amma
sai
aka
tattara
shi
a
'
yar
karamar
hanya
wajen
kafa
hujoji
na
gaskiya
.
[88]
#:
The
earlier
book
'
s
most
enduring
claim
,
[89]
<>
Littafin
farko
ya
fito
da
kwararan
bayanai
,
[90]
#:
perhaps
,
[91]
<>
wadanda
ta
yiwu
,
[92]
#:
is
the
thoroughly
discredited
idea
that
plants
respond
positively
to
the
sound
of
classical
music
.
[93]
<>
shi
ne
ke
kunshe
da
bayanin
da
ka
ki
amincewa
da
shi
na
cewa
tsirrai
na
mayar
da
martani
yadda
ya
dace
ga
karar
kidan
zamani
.
[94]
#:
But
the
study
of
plant
perception
has
come
a
long
way
since
the
1970s
,
[95]
<>
Amma
nazarin
irin
fahimtar
tsirrai
ya
faro
tun
daga
shekarun
1970
,
[96]
#:
and
in
recent
years
there
has
been
an
uptick
of
research
into
plant
senses
.
[97]
<>
kuma
a
shekarun
baya
-
bayan
nan
an
samu
ci
gaba
wajen
bincike
kan
yadda
tsiro
ke
sansano
abubuwa
.
[98]
#:
The
motivation
for
this
work
[99]
<>
Abin
da
ya
zaburar
da
wannan
aikin
[100]
#:
has
not
been
simply
to
demonstrate
that
[101]
<>
ba
wai
don
a
a
nuna
cewa
[102]
#:
"
plants
have
feelings
too
",
[103]
<> "
tsirrai
ma
suna
yin
tunani
ba
,"
[104]
#:
but
instead
to
question
why
,
[105]
<>
sai
dai
don
neman
dalilin
da
ya
sanya
,
[106]
#:
and
indeed
how
,
a
plant
senses
its
surroundings
.
[107]
<>
da
yadda
aka
yi
tsiro
ke
sansano
abin
da
ke
kewaye
da
shi
(
a
mahallinsa
).
[108]
#:
Enter
Heidi
Appel
and
Rex
Cocroft
,
colleagues
of
Schultz
at
Missouri
[109]
<>
Heidi
Appel
da
Rex
Cocroft
,
wasu
abokan
aikin
Schultz
a
Missouri
sun
shiga
jerin
masu
binciken
,
[110]
#:
who
are
searching
for
the
truth
about
plant
hearing
.
[111]
<>
wadanda
ke
bin
kadin
gaskiyar
lamari
kan
yadda
tsiro
ke
saurare
.
[112]
#:
"
The
main
contribution
of
our
work
has
been
to
provide
a
reason
for
why
plants
are
affected
by
sound
,"
says
Appel
.
[113]
<>
Gudunmowar
kawai
tana
da
manufar
bijiro
da
dalilin
da
zai
tabbatar
da
tasirin
sauti
a
kan
tsirrai
,"
inji
Appel
.
[114]
#:
A
Beethoven
symphony
[115]
<>
Salon
kidan
Beethoven
[116]
#:
is
of
little
consequence
to
a
plant
,
[117]
<>
tasirinsa
kadan
ne
a
kan
tsiro
,
[118]
#:
but
the
approach
of
a
hungry
caterpillar
is
another
story
.
[119]
<>
amma
farmakin
tsutsa
mai
jin
yunwa
wani
sabon
labari
ne
.
[120]
#:
We
have
noses
and
ears
,
but
what
does
a
plant
have
?
[121]
<>
Muna
da
hanci
da
kunnuwa
,
amma
mene
ne
tsiro
ke
da
shi
?
[122]
#:
Ecological
relevance
is
key
.
[123]
<>
Muhimmancin
abubuwan
da
ke
kewaye
a
muhalli
su
ne
mabudi
.
[124]
#:
Consuelo
De
Moraes
of
the
Swiss
Federal
Institute
of
Technology
in
Zurich
,
[125]
<>
Consuelo
De
Moraes
na
Cibiyar
Tarayyar
Swiss
ta
Kere
-
kere
da
ke
Zurich
,
[126]
#:
along
with
collaborators
,
[127]
<>
tare
da
hadin
gwiwar
abokansa
,
[128]
#:
has
shown
that
as
well
as
being
able
to
hear
approaching
insects
,
[129]
<>
ya
nuna
cewa
iya
sauraren
karar
kwaron
da
ke
tahowa
,
[130]
#:
some
plants
can
either
smell
them
,
[131]
<>
wasu
tsirran
za
su
iya
sansano
su
ko
su
ji
kamshi
[132]
#:
or
else
smell
volatile
signals
released
by
neighbouring
plants
in
response
to
them
.
[133]
<>
ko
warin
hargowar
alamunsu
daga
tsirran
da
ke
makwaftaka
da
su
don
mayar
da
martani
gare
su
.
[134]
#:
More
ominously
,
back
in
2006
[135]
<>
Babbar
barazanar
da
aka
yi
nuni
da
ita
a
shekarar
2006
[136]
#:
she
demonstrated
how
a
parasitic
plant
known
as
the
dodder
vine
sniffs
out
a
potential
host
.
[137]
<>
ta
nuna
yadda
tsiro
mai
cin
dan
uwansa
,
[138]
#:
The
dodder
vine
then
wriggles
through
the
air
,
before
coiling
itself
around
the
luckless
host
and
extracting
its
nutrients
.
[139]
<>
nau
'
in
"
dodder
vine
"
ya
kassara
wanda
yake
zaune
a
kansa
.
[140]
#:
Conceptually
,
[141]
<>
Abin
fahimta
a
nan
,
[142]
#:
there
is
nothing
much
distinguishing
these
plants
from
us
.
[143]
<>
babu
bambanci
mai
yawa
a
tsakaninmu
da
wadannan
tsirran
.
[144]
#:
They
smell
or
hear
something
[145]
<>
Su
kan
sansano
kamshi
ko
wari
ko
su
saurari
wani
abu
,
[146]
#:
and
then
act
accordingly
,
just
as
we
do
.
[147]
<>
sannan
su
mayar
da
martanin
da
ya
dace
,
tamkar
yadda
muke
yi
.
[148]
#:
But
,
of
course
,
there
is
an
important
difference
.
[149]
<>
Sai
dai
tabbas
,
akwai
wani
muhimmin
bambanci
.
[150]
#:
"
We
don
'
t
really
know
how
similar
the
mechanisms
of
odour
perception
in
plants
and
animals
are
,
[151]
<> "
Ba
mu
san
hakikanin
yadda
ake
da
kamaceceniya
a
tsarin
jin
wari
ko
kamshi
a
tsirrai
da
dabbobi
ba
,
[152]
#:
because
we
don
'
t
know
much
about
those
mechanisms
in
plants
,"
says
De
Moraes
.
[153]
<>
saboda
ba
mu
fahimci
al
'
amura
da
dama
game
da
tsarin
yadda
yake
a
tsirrai
ba
,
inji
De
Moraes
.
[154]
#:
We
have
noses
and
ears
,
but
what
does
a
plant
have
?
[155]
<>
Muna
da
hanci
da
kunnuwa
,
amma
me
tsiro
ke
da
shi
?
[156]
#:
The
lack
of
obvious
centres
of
sensory
input
makes
it
harder
to
understand
plant
senses
.
[157]
<>
Rashin
sansannun
cibiyoyin
tattara
bayanai
kan
sansane
-
sansane
ya
haifar
da
wuyar
fahimta
yadda
tsiro
ke
sansane
-
sansane
(
a
kafofin
jikinsa
).
[158]
#:
For
their
part
,
Appel
and
Cocroft
are
hoping
to
track
down
the
part
or
parts
of
a
plant
that
respond
to
sound
.
[159]
<>
A
nasu
bangaren
kuwa
,
Appel
da
Cocroft
suna
sa
ran
bin
kadin
yadda
sassan
jikin
tsirrai
ke
mayar
da
martani
ga
sauti
.
[160]
#:
Researchers
have
begun
to
find
repeating
patterns
[161]
<>
Masu
bincike
sun
fara
maimaita
tsare
-
tsaren
[162]
#:
that
hint
at
deep
parallels
with
animals
[163]
<>
da
ke
nuni
da
yadda
aka
yi
matukar
shan
bamban
da
dabbobi
.
[164]
#:
These
convert
micro
-
deformations
of
the
kind
that
sound
waves
[165]
<>
Wadannan
kananan
illoli
da
karar
sauti
ke
haifarwa
[166]
#:
can
generate
as
they
wash
over
an
object
into
electrical
or
chemical
signals
.
[167]
<>
na
iya
jefa
abu
cikin
tafiyar
lantarki
ko
motsin
sinadarai
.
[168]
#:
They
are
testing
to
see
whether
plants
with
defective
mechanoreceptors
can
still
respond
to
insect
noise
.
[169]
<>
Ta
yiwu
wadanda
za
a
yi
gwajin
a
kansu
ne
ke
tarairayar
tsarin
sarrafa
abinci
mai
gina
jiki
a
daukacin
kwayoyin
halittar
tsiro
.
[170]
#:
For
a
plant
,
it
seems
,
there
may
be
no
need
for
something
as
cumbersome
as
an
ear
.
[171]
<>
A
wajen
tsiro
kuwa
,
yana
yiwuwa
babu
bukatar
wani
abu
mai
tsauri
kamar
kunne
.
[172]
#:
Another
ability
we
share
with
plants
is
[173]
<>
Wani
aikin
da
muke
iya
yi
daidai
da
tsirrai
[174]
#:
proprioception
:
[175]
<>
shi
ne
motsin
daidaiku
:
[176]
#:
the
"
sixth
sense
"
that
enables
(
some
of
)
us
to
touch
type
,
[177]
<> "
kafa
ta
shida
"
da
ke
ba
mu
damar
(
wasu
daga
cikin
)
tabawa
[178]
#:
juggle
,
[179]
<>
da
tsalle
-
tsalle
,
[180]
#:
and
generally
know
where
various
bits
of
our
body
are
in
space
.
[181]
<>
tare
da
fahimtar
inda
wasu
sassan
jimkinmu
suke
walwala
.
[182]
#:
Because
this
is
a
sense
that
is
not
intrinsically
tied
with
one
organ
in
animals
,
[183]
<>
Saboda
wannan
ita
ce
kafa
da
ke
da
muhimmanci
tattare
da
kafar
jikin
dabbobi
,
[184]
#:
but
rather
relies
on
a
feedback
loop
[185]
<>
amma
an
fi
dogaro
sakamakon
sakar
da
ke
[186]
#:
between
mechanoreceptors
in
muscles
and
the
brain
,
[187]
<>
tsakanin
tsare
-
tsaren
tarairayar
nama
da
kwakwalwa
,
[188]
#:
the
comparison
with
plants
is
neater
.
[189]
<>
wanda
kwatantawa
da
tsirrai
ke
da
matukar
kyau
.
[190]
#:
"
The
overarching
idea
is
the
same
,"
says
Hamant
,
[191]
<> "
Wannan
dabarar
mamaya
iri
guda
ce
,"
a
cewar
Hamanta
,
[192]
#:
who
co
-
authored
a
2016
review
of
proprioception
research
.
[193]
<>
wanda
ya
yi
hadin
gwiwa
wajen
bibiyar
binciken
daidaikun
sassan
jiki
da
suka
rubuta
a
shekarar
2016
.
[194]
#:
"
So
far
,
what
we
know
is
that
in
plants
[195]
<> "
Zuwa
yanzu
dai
,
abin
da
muka
fahimta
shi
ne
game
da
tsirrai
[196]
#:
it
is
more
to
do
with
microtubules
[[[structural]]
components
of
the
cell
],
[197]
<>
ya
fi
yawa
tsarin
kwayar
halitta
,
[198]
#:
responding
to
[199]
<>
wajen
mayar
da
martani
[200]
#:
stretch
and
mechanical
deformation
."
[201]
<>
da
motsin
tankwarawa
."
[202]
#:
In
fact
,
a
study
published
in
2015
[203]
<>
Gaskiyar
lamari
,
wani
bincike
da
aka
wallafa
a
shekarar
2015
[204]
#:
appears
to
show
similarities
that
go
even
deeper
,
[205]
<>
ya
yi
nuni
da
kamanceceniyar
mai
yawa
,
[206]
#:
suggesting
a
role
for
actin
–
a
key
component
in
muscle
tissue
–
in
plant
proprioception
.
[207]
<>
wadda
ta
bayyana
wani
bangaren
naman
mutum
da
aikinsa
ya
yi
daidai
da
nan
daidaikun
motsin
na
jikin
tsiro
.
[208]
#:
"
This
is
less
supported
,"
says
Hamant
,
[209]
<> "
Wannan
hujja
ce
marar
karfi
,"
inji
Hamant
,
[210]
#:
"
but
there
has
been
some
evidence
that
actin
fibres
in
tissue
are
involved
;
almost
like
muscle
."
[211]
<> "
amma
akwai
wasu
hujjojin
da
ke
nuni
da
cewa
silin
tsiron
na
'
actin
'
na
aiki
kamar
yadda
nama
ke
yi
."
[212]
#:
These
findings
are
not
unique
.
[213]
<>
Wadannan
sakamakon
binciken
ba
kebabbu
ba
ne
ba
.
[214]
#:
As
research
into
plant
senses
has
progressed
,
[215]
<>
Domin
an
ci
gaba
da
bincike
kan
sansane
-
sansanen
tsiro
,
[216]
#:
researchers
have
begun
to
find
repeating
patterns
[217]
<>
masu
bincike
sun
gano
tsare
-
tsaren
da
ke
maimaita
kansu
,
[218]
#:
that
hint
at
deep
parallels
with
animals
.
[219]
<>
wadanda
suka
nuna
sun
yi
hannun
riga
da
na
dabbobi
.
[220]
#:
Today
there
are
plant
researchers
investigating
such
traditionally
non
-
plant
areas
[221]
<>
A
yau
akwai
masu
binciken
tsiro
,
kan
al
'
amarin
al
'
adun
da
ba
su
shafi
tsiron
ba
,
[222]
#:
as
memory
,
learning
and
problem
-
solving
[223]
<>
wadanda
suka
hada
da
tunani
da
koyo
da
warware
matsala
.
[224]
#:
In
2014
,
a
team
at
the
University
of
Lausanne
in
Switzerland
[225]
<>
A
shekarar
2014
.
Wani
gungun
masana
daga
Jami
'
ar
Lausame
ta
Switzerland
[226]
#:
showed
that
when
a
caterpillar
attacks
an
Arabidopsis
plant
,
it
triggers
a
wave
of
electrical
activity
.
[227]
<>
da
farmakin
da
tsutsa
ta
kai
wa
wani
tsiron
nau
'
in
kabeji
(
Arabidopsis
)
ya
ingizo
da
hargowar
lantarki
.
[228]
#:
The
presence
of
electrical
signalling
in
plants
is
not
a
new
idea
–
[229]
<>
Kasancewar
alamun
hargowar
lantarki
a
tsirrai
ba
sabon
abu
ba
ne
,
[230]
#:
physiologist
John
Burdon
-
Sanderson
[231]
<>
a
cewar
masanin
sassan
jiki
John
burdon
-
Sanderson
[232]
#:
proposed
it
as
a
mechanism
for
the
action
of
the
Venus
flytrap
as
early
as
1874
–
[233]
<>
da
ya
nuna
cewa
tsarin
aiki
ne
na
tsiron
Venus
flytrap
tun
a
shekarun
1874
,
[234]
#:
but
what
is
surprising
is
[235]
<>
sai
dai
abin
mamakin
shi
ne
[236]
#:
the
role
played
by
molecules
called
glutamate
receptors
.
[237]
<>
rawar
da
sinadari
ke
takawa
,
wadda
ake
kira
da
mai
karbar
sinadarin
glutamate
.
[238]
#:
Glutamate
is
the
most
important
neurotransmitter
in
our
central
nervous
system
,
[239]
<>
Sinadarin
Glutamate
ya
fi
kowanen
muhimmanci
wajen
aikewa
da
sakonni
a
masarrafar
kadarkon
jijiyoyi
,
[240]
#:
and
it
plays
exactly
the
same
role
in
plants
,
[241]
<>
kuma
yana
taka
irin
wannan
muhimmiyar
rawar
a
jikin
tsirrai
,
[242]
#:
except
with
one
crucial
difference
:
[243]
<>
sai
dai
wani
abin
muhimmin
lura
[244]
#:
plants
do
not
have
nervous
systems
.
[245]
<>
tsirrai
ba
su
da
kadarkon
jijiyoyin
aikewa
da
sakonni
.
[246]
#:
"
Molecular
biology
[247]
<> "
Fannin
kimiyyar
nazarin
kwayoyin
halitta
[248]
#:
and
genomics
[249]
<>
da
juyin
kwayoyin
halittu
[250]
#:
tell
us
that
plants
and
animals
are
composed
of
a
surprisingly
limited
set
of
molecular
'
building
blocks
'
[251]
<>
sun
nusar
da
mu
cewa
tsirrai
da
dabbobi
suna
da
kwayoyin
halitta
da
jerin
su
ke
da
iyaka
'
jigon
gina
jiki
'
[252]
#:
that
are
very
much
alike
,"
says
Fatima
Cvr
č
kov
á,
[253]
<>
masu
kama
da
juna
,"
a
cewar
Fatima
Cvr
č
kov
á,
[254]
#:
a
researcher
at
Charles
University
in
Prague
,
Czech
Republic
.
[255]
<>
wata
mai
bincike
a
Jami
'
ar
Charles
da
ke
Prague
a
jamhuriyar
Czech
.
[256]
#:
Electrical
communication
has
evolved
in
two
distinct
ways
,
[257]
<>
Sakonnin
lantarki
suna
zarya
ne
ta
hanyoyi
biyu
.
[258]
#:
"
Evolution
[259]
<> "
Bunkasar
halittu
[260]
#:
has
led
to
a
certain
number
of
potential
mechanisms
for
communication
,
[261]
<>
ta
haifar
da
dimbin
tsare
-
tsaren
sadarwa
,
[262]
#:
and
while
you
can
get
to
that
in
different
ways
,
[263]
<>
kuma
duk
da
cewa
za
ka
iya
kai
wa
ga
haka
ta
hanyoyi
mabambanta
,
[264]
#:
the
end
point
is
still
the
same
,"
says
Chamovitz
.
[265]
<>
karshen
al
'
amarin
dai
irin
guda
ne
,"
inji
Chamovitz
.
[266]
#:
The
realisation
that
such
similarities
exist
,
[267]
<>
Fahimtar
cewa
irin
wadannan
kamance
-
kamancen
na
nan
,
[268]
#:
and
that
plants
have
a
far
greater
ability
to
sense
their
world
than
appearances
might
suggest
,
[269]
<>
kuma
tsirrai
na
da
karfin
sansano
abin
da
ke
kewaye
da
su
sabanin
yadda
ake
ganinsu
,
[270]
#:
has
led
to
some
remarkable
claims
about
"
plant
intelligence
",
[271]
<>
wannan
ya
haifar
da
kyakkyawan
ikirarin
cewa
"
tsiro
na
da
basira
,"
[272]
#:
and
even
spawned
a
new
discipline
.
[273]
<>
har
ta
kai
ga
an
fito
da
sabon
fannin
nazari
.
[274]
#:
Electrical
signaling
in
plants
[275]
<>
Karkarwar
lantarki
da
ke
bijirowa
daga
tsirrai
[276]
#:
was
one
of
the
key
factors
in
the
birth
of
[277]
<>
na
daya
daga
cikin
jiga
-
jigan
al
'
amuran
da
suka
haifar
[278]
#:
"
plant
neurobiology
"
[279]
<> "
kimiyyar
sakonnin
tsirrai
-
plant
neurobiology
"
[280]
#:
(
a
term
used
despite
the
lack
of
neurons
in
plants
),
[281]
<> (
mahangar
da
ake
amfani
da
ita
duk
da
cewa
tsirrai
ba
su
da
jijiyoyin
aikewa
da
sakonni
),
[282]
#:
and
today
[283]
<>
sannan
a
yau
[284]
#:
there
are
plant
researchers
[285]
<>
akwai
masu
bincike
kan
tsirrai
,
[286]
#:
investigating
such
traditionally
non
-
plant
areas
as
memory
,
learning
and
problem
-
solving
.
[287]
<>
wadanda
ke
gudanar
da
binciken
kan
al
'
adun
da
ba
su
shafi
tsirrai
ba
,
wato
abubuwwan
da
suka
shafi
tunani
da
koyo
da
warware
matsala
.
[288]
#:
Despite
lacking
eyes
,
[289]
<>
Duk
da
rashin
idanu
,
[290]
#:
plants
such
as
Arabidopsis
possess
at
least
11
types
of
photoreceptor
,
[291]
<>
tsirrai
irin
su
latas
din
Arabidopsis
na
da
nau
'
uka
11
na
makarbiyar
haske
,
[292]
#:
compared
to
our
measly
four
[293]
<>
wadda
ake
kwatantawa
da
namu
nau
'
uka
hudu
.
[294]
#:
This
way
of
thinking
has
even
led
to
[295]
<>
Irin
wannan
tsarin
tunanin
shi
ya
haifar
wa
[296]
#:
law
makers
in
Switzerland
setting
guidelines
designed
to
protect
[297]
<>
yan
majalisa
a
kasar
Switzerland
suka
bullo
da
wasu
ka
'
idojin
kiyaye
[298]
#:
"
the
dignity
of
plants
" –
whatever
that
means
.
[299]
<> "
martabar
tsirrai
" -
ba
tare
da
la
'
akari
da
abin
zai
haifar
ba
.
[300]
#:
And
while
many
consider
terms
[301]
<>
Duk
da
cewa
akwai
dimbin
wadanda
ke
ganin
cewa
kalamai
[302]
#:
like
"
plant
intelligence
"
[303]
<>
irin
su
"
basirar
tsirrai
"
[304]
#:
and
"
plant
neurobiology
"
[305]
<>
da
"
kimiyyar
sakonnin
tsirrai
"
[306]
#:
to
be
metaphorical
,
[307]
<>
wata
sarkakiyar
Magana
ce
,
[308]
#:
they
have
still
been
met
with
a
lot
of
criticism
,
not
least
from
Chamovitz
.
[309]
<>
sun
sha
dimbin
suka
ba
ma
kawai
daga
Chamovitz
ba
.
[310]
#:
"
Do
I
think
plants
are
smart
?
[311]
<> "
Ko
ina
tunanin
cewa
tsirrai
masu
wayau
ne
?
[312]
#:
I
think
plants
are
complex
,"
he
says
.
[313]
<>
Ina
jin
cewa
dai
tsirrai
na
da
cukurkudaddun
al
'
amura
,"
inji
shi
.
[314]
#:
Complexity
,
he
says
,
should
not
be
confused
with
intelligence
.
[315]
<>
Cukurkudewar
lamura
,
a
cewarsa
,
ba
za
a
rudu
da
cewa
tana
nufin
kaifin
basira
ba
.
[316]
#:
So
while
it
is
useful
to
describe
plants
[317]
<>
Duk
da
cewa
yana
da
alfanu
a
kwatanta
tsirrai
[318]
#:
in
anthropomorphic
terms
[319]
<>
da
wasu
siffofin
mutane
(
irin
su
soyayya
da
haihuwa
da
kyawu
da
kiyayya
da
hadama
da
hikima
da
sauransu
)
[320]
#:
to
communicate
ideas
,
there
are
limits
.
[321]
<>
wajen
isar
da
dabarun
sadarwa
,
suna
da
iyaka
.
[322]
#:
The
danger
is
that
we
end
up
viewing
plants
as
inferior
versions
of
animals
,
[323]
<>
Sai
dai
hadarin
da
ke
tattare
shi
ne
kallon
tsirrai
a
matsayin
makaskantan
rukunin
dabbobi
,
[324]
#:
which
completely
misses
the
point
.
[325]
<>
wannan
ya
kauce
wa
manufa
gaba
daya
.
[326]
#:
"
We
plant
scientists
[327]
<> "
Mu
masana
kimiyya
da
ke
nazarin
tsirrai
[328]
#:
are
happy
to
talk
about
similarities
and
differences
[329]
<>
muna
farin
cikin
yin
magana
game
da
kamanceceniya
da
bambance
-
bambancen
[330]
#:
between
the
plant
and
animal
lifestyles
[331]
<>
da
ke
tsakanin
rayuwar
tsirrai
da
ta
dabbobi
[332]
#:
when
presenting
results
of
plant
research
to
the
general
public
,"
says
Cvr
č
kov
á.
[333]
<>
a
lokacin
gabatar
da
sakamakon
bincike
ga
daukacin
al
'
umma
,"
inji
Cvrckova
.
[334]
#:
However
,
she
thinks
reliance
on
animal
-
based
metaphors
to
describe
plants
comes
with
issues
.
[335]
<>
Sai
dai
,
tana
jin
cewa
dogaro
da
sarkakiyar
kamanceceniya
wajen
siffanta
tsirrai
na
tattare
da
matsaloli
.
[336]
#:
"
You
want
to
avoid
[[[such]]
metaphors
],
[337]
<> "
Kana
son
kauce
wa
irin
wannan
(
sarkakiyar
),
[338]
#:
unless
you
are
interested
in
a
(
usually
futile
)
debate
[339]
<>
sai
dai
in
manufar
ta
dogara
ne
kacokam
(
kan
abu
mara
amfani
)
[340]
#:
about
a
carrot
'
s
ability
to
feel
pain
when
you
bite
into
it
."
[341]
<>
a
takaddamar
jin
zafin
ciwon
karas
idan
ka
gutsire
shi
."
[342]
#:
Plants
are
supremely
adapted
for
doing
exactly
what
they
need
to
do
.
[343]
<>
Tsirrai
sun
kai
makura
wajen
yin
hakikanin
abin
da
suke
son
yi
.
[344]
#:
They
may
lack
a
nervous
system
,
[345]
<>
Ta
yiwu
ba
su
da
tsarin
jijiyon
aikewa
da
sakonni
,
[346]
#:
a
brain
and
other
features
we
associate
with
complexity
,
[347]
<>
wato
kwakwalwa
da
sauran
sassan
da
muke
dangantawa
da
cukurkudewar
al
'
amura
,
[348]
#:
but
they
excel
in
other
areas
.
[349]
<>
amma
sun
yi
fice
a
wasu
sassan
.
[350]
#:
We
are
more
plant
-
like
than
we
would
like
to
think
[351]
<>
Mun
fi
kusa
(
a
kamanceceniya
)
da
tsirrai
fiye
da
yadda
muke
tsammani
.
[352]
#:
For
example
,
despite
lacking
eyes
,
[353]
<>
Misali
,
duk
da
rashin
idanu
,
[354]
#:
plants
such
as
Arabidopsis
possess
at
least
11
types
of
photoreceptor
,
[355]
<>
tsirrai
irin
su
latas
din
Arabidopsis
suna
da
makarbiyar
haske
nau
'
ika
11
,
[356]
#:
compared
to
our
measly
four
.
[357]
<>
in
an
kwatanta
da
namu
'
yan
kadan
guda
hudu
.
[358]
#:
This
means
that
,
in
a
way
,
their
vision
is
more
complex
than
ours
.
[359]
<>
Wannan
na
nufin
cewa
,
tsarin
ganinsu
na
da
rudarwa
fiye
da
namu
.
[360]
#:
Plants
have
different
priorities
,
[361]
<>
Tsirrai
na
da
fifikon
bukatu
,
k
[362]
#:
and
their
sensory
systems
reflect
this
.
[363]
<>
uma
kafofin
sansano
harkokinsu
na
nuni
da
haka
.
[364]
#:
As
Chamovitz
points
out
in
his
book
:
[365]
<>
Tamkar
dai
yadda
Chamovitz
ya
yi
nuni
a
cikin
littafinsa
cewa
:
[366]
#:
"
light
for
a
plant
is
much
more
than
a
signal
;
light
is
food
."
[367]
<> "
haske
a
wajen
tsiro
ya
fi
gaban
walkatawa
;
haske
abinci
ne
."
[368]
#:
So
while
plants
face
many
of
the
same
challenges
as
animals
,
[369]
<>
Saboda
haka
a
lokacin
da
tsirrai
ke
fuskantar
kalubale
irin
na
dabbobi
,
[370]
#:
their
sensory
requirements
are
equally
shaped
by
the
things
that
distinguish
them
.
[371]
<>
bukatun
kafofin
sansano
abubuwa
na
tasirantuwa
ne
da
irin
al
'
amuran
da
suka
bambance
su
.
[372]
#:
"
The
rootedness
of
plants
–
the
fact
that
they
are
unmoving
–
[373]
<> "
Kafuwar
tushen
itace
–
[374]
#:
means
they
actually
have
to
be
much
more
aware
of
their
environment
than
you
or
I
do
,"
says
Chamovitz
.
[375]
<>
na
nufi
da
gaskiyar
lamarin
rashin
motsinsu
shi
ke
nuna
cewa
suna
sane
da
abin
da
ke
kewaye
da
su
a
muhallinsu
fiye
da
yadda
kake
yi
ko
nake
yi
,"
inji
Chamovitz
.
[376]
#:
To
full
appreciate
how
plants
perceive
the
world
,
[377]
<>
Don
samun
cikakkiyar
fahimtar
yadda
tsirrai
ke
sanin
duniya
,
[378]
#:
it
is
important
that
scientists
and
the
wider
public
appreciate
them
for
what
they
are
.
[379]
<>
yana
da
matukar
muhimmmanci
ga
masana
kimiyya
da
daukacin
al
'
umma
su
fahimci
hakikanin
yadda
suke
.
[380]
#:
"
The
danger
for
the
plant
people
is
that
if
we
keep
comparing
[[[plants]]]
with
animals
[381]
<> "
Hadarin
da
ke
tattare
da
mutane
game
da
tsirrai
,
shi
ne
idan
muka
ci
gaba
da
kwatanta
tsirrai
da
dabbobi
[382]
#:
we
might
miss
the
value
of
plants
,"
says
Hamant
.
[383]
<>
za
mu
iya
yin
watsi
da
alfanun
tsirran
,"
inji
Hamant
.
[384]
#:
"
I
would
like
to
see
plants
acknowledged
more
as
the
amazing
,
[385]
<> "
Ina
son
ganin
an
fahimci
cewa
tsirrai
na
da
ban
mamaki
da
ban
sha
'
awa
,
[386]
#:
interesting
,
exotic
living
beings
they
are
,"
agrees
Cvr
č
kov
á,
[387]
<>
tare
da
karfin
jure
wa
rayuwa
,"
kamar
yadda
Cvrckova
ta
tabbatar
,
[388]
#:
"
and
less
as
a
mere
source
of
human
nutrition
and
biofuels
."
[389]
<> "
kuma
ta
yi
kasa
a
matsayin
abincin
mutane
da
makamashinsu
."
[390]
#:
Such
an
attitude
will
benefit
everyone
.
[391]
<>
Irin
wadannan
al
'
amura
za
su
amfanar
da
kowa
.
[392]
#:
Genetics
,
[393]
<>
Nazarin
kwayoyin
halitta
[394]
#:
electrophysiology
[395]
<>
da
gamayyar
lantarki
[396]
#:
and
the
discovery
of
transposons
[397]
<>
da
kimiyyar
ayyukan
sassan
jiki
da
gano
yadda
kwayoyin
halitta
ke
samun
sauye
-
sauye
[398]
#:
are
just
a
few
examples
of
fields
that
began
with
research
in
plants
,
[399]
<>
kadan
ne
daga
cikin
misalan
wadannan
fannoni
da
aka
fara
su
daga
binciken
tsirrai
,
[400]
#:
and
they
have
all
proved
revolutionary
for
biology
as
a
whole
.
[401]
<>
kuma
sun
bude
sabon
babi
wajen
bunkasar
kimiyyar
nazarin
halittu
gaba
daya
.
[402]
#:
Conversely
,
the
realisation
that
we
have
some
things
in
common
with
plants
might
be
an
opportunity
to
accept
that
we
are
more
plant
-
like
than
we
would
like
to
think
,
just
as
plants
are
more
animal
-
like
than
we
usually
assume
.
[403]
<>
Sabanin
haka
ma
,
ganewar
da
aka
yi
cewa
muna
da
wasu
abubuwa
iri
guda
da
tsirrai
ta
iya
zama
wata
damar
amincewa
da
cewa
mu
ma
tamkar
tsirrai
muke
,
muna
bukatar
yin
tunani
,
tamkar
yadda
tsirrai
suke
kamanceceniya
da
dabbobi
fiye
da
yadda
muke
tsammani
.
[404]
#:
"
Maybe
we
are
more
mechanistic
than
we
think
we
are
,"
concludes
Chamovitz
.
[405]
<> "
Ta
yiwu
al
'
amuranmu
sun
fi
cukurkudewa
fiye
da
yadda
muke
tsammani
,"
kamar
yadda
Chamovitz
ya
karkare
.
[406]
#:
For
him
,
the
similarities
should
alert
us
to
plants
'
surprising
complexity
,
[407]
<>
A
ganinsa
,
kamanceceniyar
za
ta
ankarar
da
mu
game
da
cukurkudaddun
al
'
amura
masu
ban
mamaki
na
tsirrai
,
[408]
#:
and
to
the
common
factors
that
connect
all
life
on
Earth
.
[409]
<>
da
kuma
jiga
-
jigan
al
'
amuran
da
suka
yi
wa
daukacin
halittun
da
suke
rayuwa
a
duniya
mahada
.
[410]
#:
"
Then
we
can
start
to
appreciate
the
unity
in
biology
."
[411]
<> "
Daga
nan
za
mu
fara
sha
'
awar
jin
cewa
halittu
(
tsirrai
da
dabbbobi
)
na
da
mahada
kamar
yadda
kimiyyar
nazarin
halittu
ta
tabbatar
."
[412]
#:
Join
over
six
million
BBC
Earth
fans
by
liking
us
on
Facebook
,
or
follow
us
on
Twitter
and
Instagram
.
[413]
<>
Shiga
cikin
jerin
mutum
fiye
da
miliyan
shida
masoyan
shirin
Doron
kasa
na
BBC
,
ta
hanyar
taba
maballin
kauna
a
shafinmu
na
facebook
,
ko
ka
biyo
mu
a
shafinmu
na
Twitter
da
Instagram
[414]
Last modified
22 June 2017
Contents
Back to top
Contents
1
#:
Plants can see, hear and smell – and respond [1] <> Ko kun san tsirrai na ji da gani da shakar wari ko kamshi? [2]
2
#:
Plants perceive the world without eyes, ears or brains. [3] <> N/A [4]
3
#:
Understanding how can teach us a lot about them, and potentially a lot about us as well [5] <> N/A [6]
4
#:
Plants, according to Jack C Schultz, "are just very slow animals". [7] <> N/A [8]
5
#:
This is not a misunderstanding of basic biology. [9] <> Wannan ba gurguwar fahimta ba ce game da kimiyyar halittu. [10]
6
#:
Schultz is a professor in the Division of Plant Sciences at the University of Missouri in Columbia, [11] <> Schultz farfesa ne a bangaren kimiyyyar nazarin tsirrai a Jami'ar Missouri da ke Kolombiya, [12]
7
#:
and has spent four decades investigating the interactions between plants and insects. [13] <> kuma ya shafe shekara 40 yana gudanar da bincike kan mu'amalar tsirrai da kwari. [14]
8
#:
He knows his stuff. [15] <> Kwararre ne a fanninsa. [16]
9
#:
Instead, [17] <> Sabanin haka ma, [18]
10
#:
he is making a point about common perceptions of our leafy cousins, [19] <> ya bijiro da muhimmin al'amari wajen fahimtar danginmu masu ganye, [20]
11
#:
which he feels are too often dismissed [21] <> wadanda yake ganin an yi watsi da su [22]
12
#:
as part of the furniture. [23] <> tamkar wani yanki na kayan alatun gida. [24]
13
#:
Plants fight for territory, seek out food, [25] <> Tsirrai na fafatawa saboda wurin zama da neman abinci, [26]
14
#:
evade predators and trap prey. [27] <> su farmaki masu kai musu hari da kuma yi wa abincinsu tarko. [28]
15
#:
They are as alive as any animal, [29] <> Suna da rai kamar kowace dabba, [30]
16
#:
and – like animals – they exhibit behaviour. [31] <> kuma tamkar dabbobi suna nuna dabi'arsu. [32]
17
#:
"To see this, you just need to make a fast movie of a growing plant – [33] <> "Don ganin hakan, kana bukatar yin majigin tsirrai da ke girma, [34]
18
#:
then it will behave like an animal," [35] <> ta yadda za su nuna dabi'u irin na dabbobi," [36]
19
#:
enthuses Olivier Hamant, a plant scientist at the University of Lyon, France. [37] <> kamar yadda a cikin zumudi Olivier Hamant, wani masanin kimiyyar nazarin tsirrai daga Jami'ar Lyon, a Faransa ya furta. [38]
20
#:
Indeed, a time-lapse camera [39] <> A gaskiya, kyamara mai daukar hoton wucin gadi [40]
21
#:
reveals the alien world of plant behaviour in all its glory, [41] <> za ta bayyanar da abin da ya boyu a duniyar tsirrai da dabi'u masu kayatarwa, [42]
22
#:
as anyone who has seen the famous woodland sequence [43] <> ta yadda duk wanda ya taba ganin jerin majigin nan na jerin "woodland" [44]
23
#:
from David Attenborough's Life series can attest. [45] <> wanda David Atenborough ya gabarar da shirin tartibin rayuwa (Life series) zai fahimta. [46]
24
#:
These plants are moving with purpose, [47] <> Wadannan tsirrai na yin motsi ne da manufa, [48]
25
#:
which means they must be aware of what is going on around them. [49] <> ma'ana suna sane da abin da ke wakana a kewaye da su. [50]
26
#:
"To respond correctly, [51] <> "Don mayar da martani yadda ya dace, [52]
27
#:
plants also need sophisticated sensing devices tuned to varying conditions," says Schultz. [53] <> tsirran na bukatar managarcin tsari da na'urori da za su yi juyi daidai da mabambantan yanayi," inji Schultz. [54]
28
#:
So what is plant sense? [55] <> Ko me ake nufi da sansanowar tsirrai? [56]
29
#:
Well, if you believe Daniel Chamovitz of Tel Aviv University in Israel, [57] <> Ta yiwu idan ka yarda da batun Daniel Chamovitz na Jami'ar Tel Aviv da ke Isra'ila, [58]
30
#:
it is not quite so different from our own as you might expect. [59] <> babu bambanci da yanayinmu kamar yadda kake sa rai. [60]
31
#:
When Chamovitz set out to write his 2012 book What a Plant Knows – [61] <> Lokacin da chamovitz ya kuduri yin rubutunsa a shekara 2012, [62]
32
#:
When Chamovitz set out to write his 2012 book What a Plant Knows – [63] <> wato littafinsa mai taken Me tsiro ya sani – [64]
33
#:
in which he explores how plants experience the world [65] <> a ciki ya bibiyi yadda tsirrai ke samun fahimtar duniya [66]
34
#:
by way of the most rigorous and up-to-date scientific research – [67] <> ta hanyar kai kawo a wajen nazari har zuwa yau a tsarin binciken kimiyya [68]
35
#:
he did so with some trepidation. [69] <> ya yi hakan ne cikin damuwa. [70]
36
#:
"I was incredibly wary about what the response would be," he says. [71] <> "Na yi matukar zakuwar son jin irin martanin da za a samu," inji shi. [72]
37
#:
A Beethoven symphony is of little consequence to a plant, [73] <> Kwarewar kade-kaden Beethoven ba shi da wani tasiri ga tsiro, [74]
38
#:
but the approach of a hungry caterpillar is another story [75] <> amma idan tsutsa mai jin yunwa ta kawo hari, a nan za a ga yadda tsiro zai fafata da ita. [76]
39
#:
His worry was not unfounded. [77] <> Damuwarsa ba za a ce ba ta da tushe ba. [78]
40
#:
The descriptions in his book of plants seeing, [79] <> Al'amuran da ya siffanta na tsirrai game da ganinsu [80]
41
#:
smelling, feeling and, indeed, knowing have echoes of The Secret Life of Plants, [81] <> da sansanarsu da tunaninsu da ma sanin sauti a Sirrin rayuwar tsirrai (The Scret Life of Plants), [82]
42
#:
a popular book published in 1973 [83] <> wani mashahurin littafi da aka wallafa a shekarar 1973 [84]
43
#:
that appealed to a generation raised on flower power, [85] <> wanda ya dauki hankalin al'ummar zamanin game da karfin fure, [86]
44
#:
but contained little in the way of facts. [87] <> amma sai aka tattara shi a 'yar karamar hanya wajen kafa hujoji na gaskiya. [88]
45
#:
The earlier book's most enduring claim, [89] <> Littafin farko ya fito da kwararan bayanai, [90]
46
#:
perhaps, [91] <> wadanda ta yiwu, [92]
47
#:
is the thoroughly discredited idea that plants respond positively to the sound of classical music. [93] <> shi ne ke kunshe da bayanin da ka ki amincewa da shi na cewa tsirrai na mayar da martani yadda ya dace ga karar kidan zamani. [94]
48
#:
But the study of plant perception has come a long way since the 1970s, [95] <> Amma nazarin irin fahimtar tsirrai ya faro tun daga shekarun 1970, [96]
49
#:
and in recent years there has been an uptick of research into plant senses. [97] <> kuma a shekarun baya-bayan nan an samu ci gaba wajen bincike kan yadda tsiro ke sansano abubuwa. [98]
50
#:
The motivation for this work [99] <> Abin da ya zaburar da wannan aikin [100]
51
#:
has not been simply to demonstrate that [101] <> ba wai don a a nuna cewa [102]
52
#:
"plants have feelings too", [103] <> "tsirrai ma suna yin tunani ba," [104]
53
#:
but instead to question why, [105] <> sai dai don neman dalilin da ya sanya, [106]
54
#:
and indeed how, a plant senses its surroundings. [107] <> da yadda aka yi tsiro ke sansano abin da ke kewaye da shi (a mahallinsa). [108]
55
#:
Enter Heidi Appel and Rex Cocroft, colleagues of Schultz at Missouri [109] <> Heidi Appel da Rex Cocroft, wasu abokan aikin Schultz a Missouri sun shiga jerin masu binciken, [110]
56
#:
who are searching for the truth about plant hearing. [111] <> wadanda ke bin kadin gaskiyar lamari kan yadda tsiro ke saurare. [112]
57
#:
"The main contribution of our work has been to provide a reason for why plants are affected by sound," says Appel. [113] <> Gudunmowar kawai tana da manufar bijiro da dalilin da zai tabbatar da tasirin sauti a kan tsirrai," inji Appel. [114]
58
#:
A Beethoven symphony [115] <> Salon kidan Beethoven [116]
59
#:
is of little consequence to a plant, [117] <> tasirinsa kadan ne a kan tsiro, [118]
60
#:
but the approach of a hungry caterpillar is another story. [119] <> amma farmakin tsutsa mai jin yunwa wani sabon labari ne. [120]
61
#:
We have noses and ears, but what does a plant have? [121] <> Muna da hanci da kunnuwa, amma mene ne tsiro ke da shi? [122]
62
#:
Ecological relevance is key. [123] <> Muhimmancin abubuwan da ke kewaye a muhalli su ne mabudi. [124]
63
#:
Consuelo De Moraes of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, [125] <> Consuelo De Moraes na Cibiyar Tarayyar Swiss ta Kere-kere da ke Zurich, [126]
64
#:
along with collaborators, [127] <> tare da hadin gwiwar abokansa, [128]
65
#:
has shown that as well as being able to hear approaching insects, [129] <> ya nuna cewa iya sauraren karar kwaron da ke tahowa, [130]
66
#:
some plants can either smell them, [131] <> wasu tsirran za su iya sansano su ko su ji kamshi [132]
67
#:
or else smell volatile signals released by neighbouring plants in response to them. [133] <> ko warin hargowar alamunsu daga tsirran da ke makwaftaka da su don mayar da martani gare su. [134]
68
#:
More ominously, back in 2006 [135] <> Babbar barazanar da aka yi nuni da ita a shekarar 2006 [136]
69
#:
she demonstrated how a parasitic plant known as the dodder vine sniffs out a potential host. [137] <> ta nuna yadda tsiro mai cin dan uwansa, [138]
70
#:
The dodder vine then wriggles through the air, before coiling itself around the luckless host and extracting its nutrients. [139] <> nau'in "dodder vine" ya kassara wanda yake zaune a kansa. [140]
71
#:
Conceptually, [141] <> Abin fahimta a nan, [142]
72
#:
there is nothing much distinguishing these plants from us. [143] <> babu bambanci mai yawa a tsakaninmu da wadannan tsirran. [144]
73
#:
They smell or hear something [145] <> Su kan sansano kamshi ko wari ko su saurari wani abu, [146]
74
#:
and then act accordingly, just as we do. [147] <> sannan su mayar da martanin da ya dace, tamkar yadda muke yi. [148]
75
#:
But, of course, there is an important difference. [149] <> Sai dai tabbas, akwai wani muhimmin bambanci. [150]
76
#:
"We don't really know how similar the mechanisms of odour perception in plants and animals are, [151] <> "Ba mu san hakikanin yadda ake da kamaceceniya a tsarin jin wari ko kamshi a tsirrai da dabbobi ba, [152]
77
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because we don't know much about those mechanisms in plants," says De Moraes. [153] <> saboda ba mu fahimci al'amura da dama game da tsarin yadda yake a tsirrai ba, inji De Moraes. [154]
78
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We have noses and ears, but what does a plant have? [155] <> Muna da hanci da kunnuwa, amma me tsiro ke da shi? [156]
79
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The lack of obvious centres of sensory input makes it harder to understand plant senses. [157] <> Rashin sansannun cibiyoyin tattara bayanai kan sansane-sansane ya haifar da wuyar fahimta yadda tsiro ke sansane-sansane (a kafofin jikinsa). [158]
80
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For their part, Appel and Cocroft are hoping to track down the part or parts of a plant that respond to sound. [159] <> A nasu bangaren kuwa, Appel da Cocroft suna sa ran bin kadin yadda sassan jikin tsirrai ke mayar da martani ga sauti. [160]
81
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Researchers have begun to find repeating patterns [161] <> Masu bincike sun fara maimaita tsare-tsaren [162]
82
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that hint at deep parallels with animals [163] <> da ke nuni da yadda aka yi matukar shan bamban da dabbobi. [164]
83
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These convert micro-deformations of the kind that sound waves [165] <> Wadannan kananan illoli da karar sauti ke haifarwa [166]
84
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can generate as they wash over an object into electrical or chemical signals. [167] <> na iya jefa abu cikin tafiyar lantarki ko motsin sinadarai. [168]
85
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They are testing to see whether plants with defective mechanoreceptors can still respond to insect noise. [169] <> Ta yiwu wadanda za a yi gwajin a kansu ne ke tarairayar tsarin sarrafa abinci mai gina jiki a daukacin kwayoyin halittar tsiro. [170]
86
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For a plant, it seems, there may be no need for something as cumbersome as an ear. [171] <> A wajen tsiro kuwa, yana yiwuwa babu bukatar wani abu mai tsauri kamar kunne. [172]
87
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Another ability we share with plants is [173] <> Wani aikin da muke iya yi daidai da tsirrai [174]
88
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proprioception: [175] <> shi ne motsin daidaiku: [176]
89
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the "sixth sense" that enables (some of) us to touch type, [177] <> "kafa ta shida" da ke ba mu damar (wasu daga cikin) tabawa [178]
90
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juggle, [179] <> da tsalle-tsalle, [180]
91
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and generally know where various bits of our body are in space. [181] <> tare da fahimtar inda wasu sassan jimkinmu suke walwala. [182]
92
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Because this is a sense that is not intrinsically tied with one organ in animals, [183] <> Saboda wannan ita ce kafa da ke da muhimmanci tattare da kafar jikin dabbobi, [184]
93
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but rather relies on a feedback loop [185] <> amma an fi dogaro sakamakon sakar da ke [186]
94
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between mechanoreceptors in muscles and the brain, [187] <> tsakanin tsare-tsaren tarairayar nama da kwakwalwa, [188]
95
#:
the comparison with plants is neater. [189] <> wanda kwatantawa da tsirrai ke da matukar kyau. [190]
96
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"The overarching idea is the same," says Hamant, [191] <> "Wannan dabarar mamaya iri guda ce," a cewar Hamanta, [192]
97
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who co-authored a 2016 review of proprioception research. [193] <> wanda ya yi hadin gwiwa wajen bibiyar binciken daidaikun sassan jiki da suka rubuta a shekarar 2016. [194]
98
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"So far, what we know is that in plants [195] <> "Zuwa yanzu dai, abin da muka fahimta shi ne game da tsirrai [196]
99
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it is more to do with microtubules [[[structural]] components of the cell], [197] <> ya fi yawa tsarin kwayar halitta, [198]
100
#:
responding to [199] <> wajen mayar da martani [200]
101
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stretch and mechanical deformation." [201] <> da motsin tankwarawa." [202]
102
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In fact, a study published in 2015 [203] <> Gaskiyar lamari, wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2015 [204]
103
#:
appears to show similarities that go even deeper, [205] <> ya yi nuni da kamanceceniyar mai yawa, [206]
104
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suggesting a role for actin – a key component in muscle tissue – in plant proprioception. [207] <> wadda ta bayyana wani bangaren naman mutum da aikinsa ya yi daidai da nan daidaikun motsin na jikin tsiro. [208]
105
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"This is less supported," says Hamant, [209] <> "Wannan hujja ce marar karfi," inji Hamant, [210]
106
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"but there has been some evidence that actin fibres in tissue are involved; almost like muscle." [211] <> "amma akwai wasu hujjojin da ke nuni da cewa silin tsiron na 'actin' na aiki kamar yadda nama ke yi." [212]
107
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These findings are not unique. [213] <> Wadannan sakamakon binciken ba kebabbu ba ne ba. [214]
108
#:
As research into plant senses has progressed, [215] <> Domin an ci gaba da bincike kan sansane-sansanen tsiro, [216]
109
#:
researchers have begun to find repeating patterns [217] <> masu bincike sun gano tsare-tsaren da ke maimaita kansu, [218]
110
#:
that hint at deep parallels with animals. [219] <> wadanda suka nuna sun yi hannun riga da na dabbobi. [220]
111
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Today there are plant researchers investigating such traditionally non-plant areas [221] <> A yau akwai masu binciken tsiro, kan al'amarin al'adun da ba su shafi tsiron ba, [222]
112
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as memory, learning and problem-solving [223] <> wadanda suka hada da tunani da koyo da warware matsala. [224]
113
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In 2014, a team at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland [225] <> A shekarar 2014. Wani gungun masana daga Jami'ar Lausame ta Switzerland [226]
114
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showed that when a caterpillar attacks an Arabidopsis plant, it triggers a wave of electrical activity. [227] <> da farmakin da tsutsa ta kai wa wani tsiron nau'in kabeji (Arabidopsis) ya ingizo da hargowar lantarki. [228]
115
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The presence of electrical signalling in plants is not a new idea – [229] <> Kasancewar alamun hargowar lantarki a tsirrai ba sabon abu ba ne, [230]
116
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physiologist John Burdon-Sanderson [231] <> a cewar masanin sassan jiki John burdon-Sanderson [232]
117
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proposed it as a mechanism for the action of the Venus flytrap as early as 1874 – [233] <> da ya nuna cewa tsarin aiki ne na tsiron Venus flytrap tun a shekarun 1874, [234]
118
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but what is surprising is [235] <> sai dai abin mamakin shi ne [236]
119
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the role played by molecules called glutamate receptors. [237] <> rawar da sinadari ke takawa, wadda ake kira da mai karbar sinadarin glutamate. [238]
120
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Glutamate is the most important neurotransmitter in our central nervous system, [239] <> Sinadarin Glutamate ya fi kowanen muhimmanci wajen aikewa da sakonni a masarrafar kadarkon jijiyoyi, [240]
121
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and it plays exactly the same role in plants, [241] <> kuma yana taka irin wannan muhimmiyar rawar a jikin tsirrai, [242]
122
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except with one crucial difference: [243] <> sai dai wani abin muhimmin lura [244]
123
#:
plants do not have nervous systems. [245] <> tsirrai ba su da kadarkon jijiyoyin aikewa da sakonni. [246]
124
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"Molecular biology [247] <> "Fannin kimiyyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta [248]
125
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and genomics [249] <> da juyin kwayoyin halittu [250]
126
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tell us that plants and animals are composed of a surprisingly limited set of molecular 'building blocks' [251] <> sun nusar da mu cewa tsirrai da dabbobi suna da kwayoyin halitta da jerin su ke da iyaka 'jigon gina jiki' [252]
127
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that are very much alike," says Fatima Cvrčková, [253] <> masu kama da juna," a cewar Fatima Cvrčková, [254]
128
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a researcher at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. [255] <> wata mai bincike a Jami'ar Charles da ke Prague a jamhuriyar Czech. [256]
129
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Electrical communication has evolved in two distinct ways, [257] <> Sakonnin lantarki suna zarya ne ta hanyoyi biyu. [258]
130
#:
"Evolution [259] <> "Bunkasar halittu [260]
131
#:
has led to a certain number of potential mechanisms for communication, [261] <> ta haifar da dimbin tsare-tsaren sadarwa, [262]
132
#:
and while you can get to that in different ways, [263] <> kuma duk da cewa za ka iya kai wa ga haka ta hanyoyi mabambanta, [264]
133
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the end point is still the same," says Chamovitz. [265] <> karshen al'amarin dai irin guda ne," inji Chamovitz. [266]
134
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The realisation that such similarities exist, [267] <> Fahimtar cewa irin wadannan kamance-kamancen na nan, [268]
135
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and that plants have a far greater ability to sense their world than appearances might suggest, [269] <> kuma tsirrai na da karfin sansano abin da ke kewaye da su sabanin yadda ake ganinsu, [270]
136
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has led to some remarkable claims about "plant intelligence", [271] <> wannan ya haifar da kyakkyawan ikirarin cewa "tsiro na da basira," [272]
137
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and even spawned a new discipline. [273] <> har ta kai ga an fito da sabon fannin nazari. [274]
138
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Electrical signaling in plants [275] <> Karkarwar lantarki da ke bijirowa daga tsirrai [276]
139
#:
was one of the key factors in the birth of [277] <> na daya daga cikin jiga-jigan al'amuran da suka haifar [278]
140
#:
"plant neurobiology" [279] <> "kimiyyar sakonnin tsirrai - plant neurobiology" [280]
141
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(a term used despite the lack of neurons in plants), [281] <> (mahangar da ake amfani da ita duk da cewa tsirrai ba su da jijiyoyin aikewa da sakonni), [282]
142
#:
and today [283] <> sannan a yau [284]
143
#:
there are plant researchers [285] <> akwai masu bincike kan tsirrai, [286]
144
#:
investigating such traditionally non-plant areas as memory, learning and problem-solving. [287] <> wadanda ke gudanar da binciken kan al'adun da ba su shafi tsirrai ba, wato abubuwwan da suka shafi tunani da koyo da warware matsala. [288]
145
#:
Despite lacking eyes, [289] <> Duk da rashin idanu, [290]
146
#:
plants such as Arabidopsis possess at least 11 types of photoreceptor, [291] <> tsirrai irin su latas din Arabidopsis na da nau'uka 11 na makarbiyar haske, [292]
147
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compared to our measly four [293] <> wadda ake kwatantawa da namu nau'uka hudu. [294]
148
#:
This way of thinking has even led to [295] <> Irin wannan tsarin tunanin shi ya haifar wa [296]
149
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law makers in Switzerland setting guidelines designed to protect [297] <> yan majalisa a kasar Switzerland suka bullo da wasu ka'idojin kiyaye [298]
150
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"the dignity of plants" – whatever that means. [299] <> "martabar tsirrai" - ba tare da la'akari da abin zai haifar ba. [300]
151
#:
And while many consider terms [301] <> Duk da cewa akwai dimbin wadanda ke ganin cewa kalamai [302]
152
#:
like "plant intelligence" [303] <> irin su "basirar tsirrai" [304]
153
#:
and "plant neurobiology" [305] <> da "kimiyyar sakonnin tsirrai" [306]
154
#:
to be metaphorical, [307] <> wata sarkakiyar Magana ce, [308]
155
#:
they have still been met with a lot of criticism, not least from Chamovitz. [309] <> sun sha dimbin suka ba ma kawai daga Chamovitz ba. [310]
156
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"Do I think plants are smart? [311] <> "Ko ina tunanin cewa tsirrai masu wayau ne? [312]
157
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I think plants are complex," he says. [313] <> Ina jin cewa dai tsirrai na da cukurkudaddun al'amura," inji shi. [314]
158
#:
Complexity, he says, should not be confused with intelligence. [315] <> Cukurkudewar lamura, a cewarsa, ba za a rudu da cewa tana nufin kaifin basira ba. [316]
159
#:
So while it is useful to describe plants [317] <> Duk da cewa yana da alfanu a kwatanta tsirrai [318]
160
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in anthropomorphic terms [319] <> da wasu siffofin mutane (irin su soyayya da haihuwa da kyawu da kiyayya da hadama da hikima da sauransu) [320]
161
#:
to communicate ideas, there are limits. [321] <> wajen isar da dabarun sadarwa, suna da iyaka. [322]
162
#:
The danger is that we end up viewing plants as inferior versions of animals, [323] <> Sai dai hadarin da ke tattare shi ne kallon tsirrai a matsayin makaskantan rukunin dabbobi, [324]
163
#:
which completely misses the point. [325] <> wannan ya kauce wa manufa gaba daya. [326]
164
#:
"We plant scientists [327] <> "Mu masana kimiyya da ke nazarin tsirrai [328]
165
#:
are happy to talk about similarities and differences [329] <> muna farin cikin yin magana game da kamanceceniya da bambance-bambancen [330]
166
#:
between the plant and animal lifestyles [331] <> da ke tsakanin rayuwar tsirrai da ta dabbobi [332]
167
#:
when presenting results of plant research to the general public," says Cvrčková. [333] <> a lokacin gabatar da sakamakon bincike ga daukacin al'umma," inji Cvrckova. [334]
168
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However, she thinks reliance on animal-based metaphors to describe plants comes with issues. [335] <> Sai dai, tana jin cewa dogaro da sarkakiyar kamanceceniya wajen siffanta tsirrai na tattare da matsaloli. [336]
169
#:
"You want to avoid [[[such]] metaphors], [337] <> "Kana son kauce wa irin wannan (sarkakiyar), [338]
170
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unless you are interested in a (usually futile) debate [339] <> sai dai in manufar ta dogara ne kacokam (kan abu mara amfani) [340]
171
#:
about a carrot's ability to feel pain when you bite into it." [341] <> a takaddamar jin zafin ciwon karas idan ka gutsire shi." [342]
172
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Plants are supremely adapted for doing exactly what they need to do. [343] <> Tsirrai sun kai makura wajen yin hakikanin abin da suke son yi. [344]
173
#:
They may lack a nervous system, [345] <> Ta yiwu ba su da tsarin jijiyon aikewa da sakonni, [346]
174
#:
a brain and other features we associate with complexity, [347] <> wato kwakwalwa da sauran sassan da muke dangantawa da cukurkudewar al'amura, [348]
175
#:
but they excel in other areas. [349] <> amma sun yi fice a wasu sassan. [350]
176
#:
We are more plant-like than we would like to think [351] <> Mun fi kusa (a kamanceceniya) da tsirrai fiye da yadda muke tsammani. [352]
177
#:
For example, despite lacking eyes, [353] <> Misali, duk da rashin idanu, [354]
178
#:
plants such as Arabidopsis possess at least 11 types of photoreceptor, [355] <> tsirrai irin su latas din Arabidopsis suna da makarbiyar haske nau'ika 11, [356]
179
#:
compared to our measly four. [357] <> in an kwatanta da namu 'yan kadan guda hudu. [358]
180
#:
This means that, in a way, their vision is more complex than ours. [359] <> Wannan na nufin cewa, tsarin ganinsu na da rudarwa fiye da namu. [360]
181
#:
Plants have different priorities, [361] <> Tsirrai na da fifikon bukatu, k [362]
182
#:
and their sensory systems reflect this. [363] <> uma kafofin sansano harkokinsu na nuni da haka. [364]
183
#:
As Chamovitz points out in his book: [365] <> Tamkar dai yadda Chamovitz ya yi nuni a cikin littafinsa cewa: [366]
184
#:
"light for a plant is much more than a signal; light is food." [367] <> "haske a wajen tsiro ya fi gaban walkatawa; haske abinci ne." [368]
185
#:
So while plants face many of the same challenges as animals, [369] <> Saboda haka a lokacin da tsirrai ke fuskantar kalubale irin na dabbobi, [370]
186
#:
their sensory requirements are equally shaped by the things that distinguish them. [371] <> bukatun kafofin sansano abubuwa na tasirantuwa ne da irin al'amuran da suka bambance su. [372]
187
#:
"The rootedness of plants – the fact that they are unmoving – [373] <> "Kafuwar tushen itace – [374]
188
#:
means they actually have to be much more aware of their environment than you or I do," says Chamovitz. [375] <> na nufi da gaskiyar lamarin rashin motsinsu shi ke nuna cewa suna sane da abin da ke kewaye da su a muhallinsu fiye da yadda kake yi ko nake yi," inji Chamovitz. [376]
189
#:
To full appreciate how plants perceive the world, [377] <> Don samun cikakkiyar fahimtar yadda tsirrai ke sanin duniya, [378]
190
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it is important that scientists and the wider public appreciate them for what they are. [379] <> yana da matukar muhimmmanci ga masana kimiyya da daukacin al'umma su fahimci hakikanin yadda suke. [380]
191
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"The danger for the plant people is that if we keep comparing [[[plants]]] with animals [381] <> "Hadarin da ke tattare da mutane game da tsirrai, shi ne idan muka ci gaba da kwatanta tsirrai da dabbobi [382]
192
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we might miss the value of plants," says Hamant. [383] <> za mu iya yin watsi da alfanun tsirran," inji Hamant. [384]
193
#:
"I would like to see plants acknowledged more as the amazing, [385] <> "Ina son ganin an fahimci cewa tsirrai na da ban mamaki da ban sha'awa, [386]
194
#:
interesting, exotic living beings they are," agrees Cvrčková, [387] <> tare da karfin jure wa rayuwa," kamar yadda Cvrckova ta tabbatar, [388]
195
#:
"and less as a mere source of human nutrition and biofuels." [389] <> "kuma ta yi kasa a matsayin abincin mutane da makamashinsu." [390]
196
#:
Such an attitude will benefit everyone. [391] <> Irin wadannan al'amura za su amfanar da kowa. [392]
197
#:
Genetics, [393] <> Nazarin kwayoyin halitta [394]
198
#:
electrophysiology [395] <> da gamayyar lantarki [396]
199
#:
and the discovery of transposons [397] <> da kimiyyar ayyukan sassan jiki da gano yadda kwayoyin halitta ke samun sauye-sauye [398]
200
#:
are just a few examples of fields that began with research in plants, [399] <> kadan ne daga cikin misalan wadannan fannoni da aka fara su daga binciken tsirrai, [400]
201
#:
and they have all proved revolutionary for biology as a whole. [401] <> kuma sun bude sabon babi wajen bunkasar kimiyyar nazarin halittu gaba daya. [402]
202
#:
Conversely, the realisation that we have some things in common with plants might be an opportunity to accept that we are more plant-like than we would like to think, just as plants are more animal-like than we usually assume. [403] <> Sabanin haka ma, ganewar da aka yi cewa muna da wasu abubuwa iri guda da tsirrai ta iya zama wata damar amincewa da cewa mu ma tamkar tsirrai muke, muna bukatar yin tunani, tamkar yadda tsirrai suke kamanceceniya da dabbobi fiye da yadda muke tsammani. [404]
203
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"Maybe we are more mechanistic than we think we are," concludes Chamovitz. [405] <> "Ta yiwu al'amuranmu sun fi cukurkudewa fiye da yadda muke tsammani," kamar yadda Chamovitz ya karkare. [406]
204
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For him, the similarities should alert us to plants' surprising complexity, [407] <> A ganinsa, kamanceceniyar za ta ankarar da mu game da cukurkudaddun al'amura masu ban mamaki na tsirrai, [408]
205
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and to the common factors that connect all life on Earth. [409] <> da kuma jiga-jigan al'amuran da suka yi wa daukacin halittun da suke rayuwa a duniya mahada. [410]
206
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"Then we can start to appreciate the unity in biology." [411] <> "Daga nan za mu fara sha'awar jin cewa halittu (tsirrai da dabbbobi) na da mahada kamar yadda kimiyyar nazarin halittu ta tabbatar." [412]
207
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Join over six million BBC Earth fans by liking us on Facebook, or follow us on Twitter and Instagram. [413] <> Shiga cikin jerin mutum fiye da miliyan shida masoyan shirin Doron kasa na BBC, ta hanyar taba maballin kauna a shafinmu na facebook, ko ka biyo mu a shafinmu na Twitter da Instagram [414]